Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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32 J.J.C. Smart<br />
ethical principle at the back of the universe. Still, Leslie’s hypothesis cannot<br />
altogether be ruled out by these considerations, <strong>and</strong> I shall have another<br />
(brief ) look at it at the end of the next section. There the prime focus will not<br />
be on design (‘Why is the universe as it is?’) but on existence (‘Why is there<br />
anything at all?’).<br />
8 The Argument from Contingency<br />
Why, then, is there anything at all? After all, a null universe is the simplest<br />
hypothesis. Of course there is a pragmatic paradox in so far as we assert or<br />
even entertain the null hypothesis. We must exist in order to assert or entertain<br />
the hypothesis <strong>and</strong> the proposition that the universe is null has to exist in<br />
order to be asserted or entertained. Nevertheless the paradox is pragmatic<br />
only, <strong>and</strong> logic does not rule out the empty universe, except for a technicality.<br />
In classical first order logic the valid schemata are defined as those that come<br />
out true in any non-empty universe. This is for technical convenience, <strong>and</strong><br />
testing for validity in the empty universe can be done separately, easily<br />
<strong>and</strong> mechanically. 56<br />
Given that the null universe would be the simplest possible, is it not<br />
a matter for great awe that there is anything at all, let alone our vast <strong>and</strong><br />
complex universe? Despite the fact that I am repelled by Heidegger’s style of<br />
philosophical writing, there is nevertheless one respect in which I have<br />
a sneaking fellow feeling with him. This is his propensity to ask why there is<br />
anything at all. 57 Wittgenstein also experienced this amazement that anything<br />
should exist at all. 58 In his Tractatus 59 he said, ‘It is not how things are in the<br />
world that is mystical, but that it exists’ (6.44). Admittedly Wittgenstein<br />
seems to contradict himself in his next proposition 6.45 where he talks of the<br />
mystical as seeing the world as a limited whole, which is surely a matter of<br />
how it is, rather than that it is. No doubt there are grades of mysticality!<br />
One way in which the question ‘Why is there anything at all?’ is quintessentially<br />
mystical is that it apparently has no possibility of an answer. Whatever<br />
answered it would have to be something in the world, or else something<br />
other than the world, <strong>and</strong> the question would just reappear over the existence<br />
of that other entity. However, we must not go too fast in ruling out all<br />
possibility of an answer. Some have sought the answer in the concept of<br />
a being whose existence is necessary. I shall conclude that indeed no answer on<br />
these lines is satisfactory, but nevertheless it is far from my purpose to dissuade<br />
anyone, including myself, from asking the unanswerable question.<br />
I do think that there is something ultimately mysterious in the fact that the<br />
universe exists at all, <strong>and</strong> that there is something wrong with us if we do not<br />
feel this mystery.