Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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<strong>Atheism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Theism</strong> 81<br />
doctrinal religion, for without them most believers at most times would be<br />
unsupported in their faith.<br />
Once again, however, I should warn readers who may not be aware of<br />
it that such a view is not universal among Christians of all denominations.<br />
Many would insist upon the necessity <strong>and</strong> sufficiency of a personal, interior<br />
conversion; a finding of God within oneself, in prayer or in the reading of the<br />
divine word in scripture. This seems to me to be as unreasonable as a corresponding<br />
dem<strong>and</strong> that someone engaged in astronomy establish everything<br />
for himself (not consulting textbooks, research material or authorities) including<br />
the reliability of his equipment <strong>and</strong> the methodology of his procedures.<br />
Under those conditions few will ever come by much in the way of astronomical<br />
knowledge. Similarly, the dem<strong>and</strong> that one establish for oneself the<br />
full credentials of one’s belief is likely to result in little faith <strong>and</strong> much disagreement<br />
– as, I believe, history shows. If there are no doctrinal authorities<br />
then there can be no reliable doctrines, <strong>and</strong> without the latter there can be no<br />
significant religious content.<br />
For theists of my persuasion <strong>and</strong> background it is natural to look to<br />
the example of the philosophical theology of the Middle Ages <strong>and</strong> in particular<br />
to the towering <strong>and</strong> enduring achievements of Aquinas as embodied<br />
in the Summa Theologiae <strong>and</strong> many lesser known writings. 3 Like Smart,<br />
however, I am a product of English-language philosophy <strong>and</strong> feel most at<br />
home with analytical styles of argument. Far from regarding these allegiances<br />
as sources of tension, however, I feel them to be mutually supportive. Indeed<br />
on other occasions I have coined the expression ‘analytical Thomism’ for<br />
the philosophical-cum-theological approach I find myself following – one,<br />
incidentally, that draws more on the spirit than on the details of Thomistic<br />
philosophy. 4 I am not a historical Thomist. Readers need not be unduly cheered<br />
or troubled by these particular commitments; it is enough to take stock of the<br />
fact that my contribution is that of a straightforward theistic realist.<br />
However, else our arguments may be thought to fall short, therefore,<br />
neither of us is likely to seem evasive. Smart observes that there are those<br />
whose purported theism amounts to no more than polite, religiously-affected,<br />
atheism; <strong>and</strong> I have argued that one result of accommodations to modernity<br />
has been to drain many accounts of religious belief <strong>and</strong> practice of any ontological<br />
significance. Odd though it sounds, therefore, there are indeed religious<br />
anti-realists; <strong>and</strong> more strikingly yet some of them are to be found within<br />
religious denominations. So far as the historical self-underst<strong>and</strong>ing of Christianity<br />
is concerned the existence of professing atheists within these churches<br />
is at best a mark of profound confusion <strong>and</strong> at worst a cause of sc<strong>and</strong>al <strong>and</strong><br />
despair. If one should come to think that ‘God’ is a human construct – be it<br />
ever so noble <strong>and</strong> inspiring a one – better to say what one then truly believes:<br />
that there is no God <strong>and</strong> that faith is in vain. 5