Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
Atheism and Theism JJ Haldane - Common Sense Atheism
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<strong>Atheism</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Theism</strong> 69<br />
to persist because they had survival value at an earlier stage of evolution, <strong>and</strong><br />
also because there are so many more ways in which a machine can go wrong<br />
than there are ways in which it can go right.<br />
Metaphysical <strong>Theism</strong><br />
Let us return from the special case of Christianity to the general question of<br />
theism itself. My arguments in this essay against any form of theism have not<br />
been apodeictic. As I remarked in section 1, there are no knock-down arguments<br />
in philosophy. Premisses <strong>and</strong> even methodology can be questioned.<br />
For example I have not surveyed all the many ways in which philosophers<br />
have tried to deal with the problem of evil. Such would involve a voluminous<br />
work. What I think we can do, instead of aiming at an apodeictic argument,<br />
is to push the person who disagrees with us into a more <strong>and</strong> more complex<br />
theory, involving more <strong>and</strong> more disputable premisses. There may be disagreement<br />
on the relative plausibilities of premisses. In the end we may agree to<br />
disagree, while nevertheless sticking to the assertion that there is an objective<br />
truth of the matter, whether or not we can agree on what it is. Sometimes a<br />
Wittgensteinian dissolution, rather than solution, of a philosophical problem<br />
may occur, but the history of philosophy since Wittgenstein has made it<br />
appear unlikely that if we think hard <strong>and</strong> long enough we will show the fly<br />
the way out of the fly bottle. 112 Metaphysics cannot be avoided. But it need<br />
not be apodeictic or entirely a priori.<br />
A philosopher who thought he had an apodeictic disproof of the existence<br />
of God was J.N. Findlay. He thought that all necessity was a matter of<br />
linguistic convention, <strong>and</strong> that there was no sense in which God’s existence<br />
could be necessary. 113 Any being that was not necessary might, he says<br />
‘deserve the δουλεια canonically accorded to the saints, but not the λατρεια<br />
that we properly owe to God’. In reply G.E. Hughes rightly rejected this view<br />
of necessity. 114 (Recall the discussion in section 8 of logical <strong>and</strong> mathematical<br />
necessity.) And indeed Findlay in a reply to Hughes <strong>and</strong> to A.C.A. Rainer<br />
concedes that ‘proofs <strong>and</strong> disproofs’ hold only for those who accept certain<br />
premisses. So ultimately we must, I think, resort to persuasion <strong>and</strong> considerations<br />
of relative plausibility.<br />
Let me return to what I called ‘the new teleology’, the consideration of<br />
the ‘fine tuning’ <strong>and</strong> the beauty <strong>and</strong> wonders of the laws of nature, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
emergence of conscious beings such as ourselves. Paul Davies, in his<br />
The Mind of God, 115 holds that the universe is not ‘meaningless’ <strong>and</strong> that the<br />
emergence of consciousness in some planet in the universe is not a ‘trivial<br />
detail, no minor by-product of mindless, purposeless forces’. The trouble with<br />
this is that a purpose must be a purpose of some person or super-person. Talk<br />
of ‘meaning’ or ‘purpose’ here therefore begs the question in favour of theism.