turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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7TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (TÜRKÇE SES VE B‹Ç‹M B‹LG‹S‹) Aims � � � In this unit we will try to seek answers to the following questions: How many different categories are there? What is nominal categorization? What is verbal categorization? Key Words • grammatical category • number • gender • case • tense Contents Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi) Grammatical Categories • aspect • mood • negation • voice • agreement • INTRODUCTION • GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
Grammatical Categories INTRODUCTION Upon hearing a group of words such as onur, demet, k›vanç, mutlu, ça¤dafl, özgür, metin, many readers, will take them as suggesting that they have something in common -say, that they are all nouns. Hearing another group such as mutlu, özgür, metin, uygar, ça¤dafl, cesur they will say they are adjectives. Mutlu, ça¤dafl, özgür, metin are used in both groups, but they are categorized as nouns in the first, as adjectives in the second. Why? The different interpretations are based on the common idea of what it means to be in the same category: the things are categorized together on the basis of what they have in common. Everytime we see something, we see it as a member of a category -say a kind of car, a kind of animal, a kind of bird, a kind of sound etc. If we fail to do so, we may equally fail to perceive the reality around us. And whenever we try to do so, we employ categories. Similarly, anytime we produce or understand any linguistic utterance, we employ categories: categories of speech sounds, of words, of phrases, as well as conceptual categories. What kind of knowledge helps a native speaker to make these categorizations? All natural language utterances are made up of distinct units that are meaningful, and all natural language sytstems divide those units into a series of syntactic categories. Therefore, no description of grammar would be considered adequate unless it defined a set of distinct syntactic categories in its formal structure. One method of doing this is dividing words into categories based on their grammatical marking. Therefore, a close analysis of grammatical marking would reveal a great deal about the grammatical structure of a language as well as the systematic organization behind grammatical utterances of that language. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES In Unit 5, we introduced the distinction between inflectional and derivational morphology. The focus was primarily on the distinctive features of the morphemes representing either process. We return now to a more detailed discussion of the grammatical morphemes. Grammatical morphemes express grammatical categories. Grammatical categories mark grammatical notions that are associated with particular lexical categories. They can be realized in the form of a word (function words), a bound morpheme (inflectional suffixes) or a zero morpheme (φ). There are two types of grammatical categories: nominal and verbal. Nominal categories are
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T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YA
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Contents Why Study Sounds?.........
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Grammatical Categories ............
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Kitapla ilgili olarak eminim hepini
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Why Study Sounds? INTRODUCTION Lang
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[s] /s/ [z] [´z] The differences i
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• Speaker-based description • A
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Summary It is through the use of la
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“ Turkish Alive Examine the follo
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Key to “It is your turn!” It is
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Turkish Consonants INTRODUCTION Why
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants The dif
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants Places
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants produce
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s h l tS R d Unit 2 - Turkish Conso
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The necessary condition for /n/ bec
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Summary The production of consonant
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Turkish Alive Transcribe the conson
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3TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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34 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
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It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
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38 Figure 3.4 English Vowels Turkis
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40 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
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42 Summary Turkish Phonology and Mo
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44 Turkish Alive Turkish Phonology
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Page 54 and 55: 48 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
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Page 67 and 68: Morphology: The Wordland INTRODUCTI
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Page 71 and 72: Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland a
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Page 75 and 76: (6) a. kitap b. kitap-l›k c. kita
Page 77 and 78: The Morpheme Marking Definite Past
Page 79 and 80: Self-test 1. Which one of the follo
Page 81 and 82: Adal›, O. (1979). Türkiye Türk
Page 83 and 84: Evidently, the morpheme /-AlA/ has
Page 85 and 86: Word-Formation Processes INTRODUCTI
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Page 89 and 90: falan), haber maber (haber falan),
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Page 93 and 94: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes (
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Page 97 and 98: Summary In this chapter we have loo
Page 99 and 100: Turkish Alive Read the article by C
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Page 105 and 106: Non-Plural Functions of -lAr Unit 7
Page 107 and 108: (1) a. Serhat’› kurtard›lar.
Page 109 and 110: We know that proper nouns and prono
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Page 117 and 118: Do we always talk about facts? Past
Page 119 and 120: Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories The
Page 121 and 122: -mIfl has another evidential functi
Page 123 and 124: TIME LINE X G ü n e fl d o ¤ u d
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Page 127 and 128: of appropriate adverbials: Sak›n
Page 129 and 130: Restrictions on Impersonal Passives
Page 131 and 132: In (33a) there are two participants
Page 133 and 134: Summary 1. How many different categ
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Page 137 and 138: markers. -lAr is the plural morphem
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146 Turkish Phonology and Morpholog
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158 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
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160 References & Bibliography Turki
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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164 Unit 5 Turkish Phonology and Mo
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174 V Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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176 T Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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