turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Table 5.6
Examples of Derivational Suffixes
Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
the syntactic class of it are called derivational morphemes. So, -CI is a derivational
morpheme which forms nouns from nouns, and -(y)IcI is another one which forms
nouns from verbs. Both of them change the meaning of the stem. What other
derivations are possible in Turkish? Some more examples are given in Table 5.6.
from nouns from verbs from adjectives from adverbs
nouns -lIk(kitapl›k) -(A)k (kaçak) -IncI (ikinci) X
verbs -lA (avla-) -AIA (durala-) -lA (temizle) -IA (ötele)
adjectives -sIz (anlams›z) -I (s›k›) -CA (büyükçe) X
adverbs -CA (aylarca) -(y)A(kofla kofla) -CA (kolayca) -CIk (kolaycac›k)
In summary, there are four types of stems formed through derivation.
Denominal nominal stems are nouns that are formed by attaching a derivational
suffix to a noun. Deverbal nominal stems are nouns that are formed by attaching
a derivational suffix to a verb. Denominal verbal stems are verbs formed from
nouns, and deverbal verbal stems are verbs formed from verbs.
But is the lexicon composed of only free lexical morphemes and derivational
bound morphemes? Consider the following example consisting of meaningful
morphemes.
(5) *Bu s›n›f ö¤renci hep ö¤retmen k›z.
The words in (5) are meaningful alright, but can you understand the message?
Evidently, without grammatical marking, it is really difficult to establish the
relationships between the words in a sentence. Which of the three nouns in (5) is
the subject, and how are the other nouns and the verb related to it? Compare (5)
with Bu s›n›fta ö¤renciler hep ö¤retmeni k›zd›r›rlar. We now modified the sentence
to include grammatical inflection. The morphemes added did not create new
words, but adapted the already existing ones so they function effectively in the
sentence. Such morphemes that mark grammatical relations are called inflectional
morphemes. They do not change the meaning, nor do they change the syntactic
category of the stem. The plural marker -lAr in ö¤renciler, for example, is a
morpheme of this type. Ö¤renci is still an ö¤renci, and it still is a noun. It is not a
new word that can be listed in the lexicon. -DA in s›n›fta has a similar function. It
does not change the meaning of the stem, but it establishes a spatial relationship
between the relevant elements in a sentence. -I marks the direct object, -(I)r sets
the temporal structure of the event, and -lAr marks person agreement with the
subject of the verb. So, number, case, tense, and agreement markers in Turkish are
categorized as inflectional morphemes (see Unit 7 for more on this).
Let’s now see how different characteristics can combine in a single morpheme.
To do this, you are suppossed to follow a path in the following chart by answering
the questions asked in each box. Follow the white arrow if your answer is YES to
a particular question, follow the black one if your answer is NO to it. Your final
destination gives you the type of the morpheme you want to discover. For example,
-lIk in insanl›k is an indivisible unit. That is, we cannot break it into smaller units.
Every morpheme is suppossed to be indivisible anyway. So, we have to follow the