turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
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a. [Kutunun içine] koydu. complement in a verb phase
b. [Ö¤leden önce] bitirdi modifier in a verb phrase
c. [Bana göre] bu çok yanl›fl. peripheral dependent in a clause
d. Saklan›lacak yer [sand›k gibi]ydi. predicative
e. [Çocuk gibi] kad›n. modifier in a noun phrase
f. [Annesi gibi] zeki. modifier in an adjective phrase
g. [Annesi gibi] çabuk yapt›. modifier in an adverb phrase
Post positions can take subordinate clauses as their complements as well:
gitmek için, gelmesine ra¤men, istedikleri gibi, söyledikleri üzere, kalmalar›na
iliflkin.
Pronouns
Pronouns are used to replace nouns. So, everywhere we see a noun in a sentence,
it is possible to see a pronoun. For example, nouns are used as the subject and /or
the object in a sentence, so can be pronouns:
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a. Coflkun geldi. b. Coflkunu gördüm. c. Coflkuna bakt›m.
O geldi. Onu gördüm. Ona bakt›m.
The difference, however, is that nouns can be used referentially; whereas,
pronouns are used anaphorically. What this means is that nouns are used
independently, but pronouns are always bound to another word or phrase
(antecedent) used earlier in the discourse, and they are used to refer back to that
antecedent. Without knowing the antecedent, it is impossible to identify the
referent of a pronoun. In Ben dün bir kitap ald›m, bugün de onu okudum bir kitap
is the antecedent of the pronoun o, so the pronoun is bound to bir kitap and is
used to refer back to it. The subject of the sentence is ben, it is a pronoun also,
but what is the antecedent of that pronoun? There is in fact no antecedent in the
text to bind ben. Then, how do we understand the referent of it? In every
conversation situation it is given that there are at least two participants: the speaker
and the hearer. That is, the speaker is the given participant in every context, so is
the hearer. The former is characteristically marked as the first person and the latter
as the second person. There may be a third party who is not existant in the context,
that party is referred to by the third person marker. This means that there are three
types of involvement in a conversation and they may be either singular or plural.
This gives us our table of personal pronouns: ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar.
Do pronouns have permenant referents? That is, whenever we use a noun such
as masa, it has the same referent: an object that prototypically have four legs and
a square top. But does o used in the above example always refer to bir kitap? Of
course not, it may refer to a cat in dün bir yavru kedi bulmufltuk, bugün onu
kaybettik. Similarly, ben refers to whoever uses it: in one context, for example, it
may be someone called Seval, in another it may be Seval’s mother. Likewise, here
refers to where the speaker stands: in a classroom context with the teacher saying
come here it refers to where the teacher is standing in that classroom. More
examples can be given, but this should suffice to illustrate that pronouns do not
have permanent referents. They are deictic words that take their referents from the
context.