turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordl<strong>and</strong><br />
any other morpheme in its immediate environment. Such morphemes are known<br />
as free morphemes. If a free morpheme has a lexical meaning, it is classified as<br />
a content morpheme. Nouns, adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s, ad<strong>ve</strong>rbs, <strong>and</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rbs are content<br />
morphemes. Some free morphemes, such as postpositions, conjunctions,<br />
determiners, pronouns, etc., mark grammatical relationships. They are therefore<br />
called functional morphemes. Contrary to the behavior of göz, the<br />
ungrammaticality3 of the (c) examples abo<strong>ve</strong> shows that -CI <strong>and</strong> -lIk are not<br />
independent as they cannot appear in a sentence unless they are fed into other<br />
morphemes to form meaningful units as shown in (4b). Since It is your these turn! morphemes<br />
ne<strong>ve</strong>r st<strong>and</strong> alone as free forms, they are classified as bound morphemes. 1 1<br />
Identify the morpheme structure of bolar, bolart, bolartt›, bolartt›k, It is your <strong>and</strong> turn! classify the<br />
It is your turn!<br />
morphemes as free or bound?<br />
2 2<br />
The attachment process of a bound morpheme to another<br />
It is<br />
morpheme<br />
your turn!<br />
is called<br />
affixation <strong>and</strong> the attached bound morphemes are affixes. Words that are not<br />
3<br />
affixed are called roots. Many words in a language, such as nouns, adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s,<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbs <strong>and</strong> ad<strong>ve</strong>rbs, contain a root st<strong>and</strong>ing. An o<strong>ve</strong>rwhelming number of roots in<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Turkish are monosyllabic although more than one syllable in a root is permissible.<br />
There are also words which are formed with a number of affixes attached<br />
4<br />
to a free<br />
morpheme. They are characterized as morphologically more complex. In the<br />
It is your turn!<br />
4<br />
context of complex words, the smallest indivisible free morpheme It is your forms turn! the stem<br />
It is your turn!<br />
of that complex word. For example, yafl in the word yafll› is the stem of 5this word.<br />
Stems can be categorized as simple when they consist of a single morpheme that<br />
5<br />
can ha<strong>ve</strong> a root st<strong>and</strong>ing as in this example. More complex It is stems your turn! can also be<br />
It is your turn!<br />
formed by a free morpheme followed by another bound morpheme as 6 in yafl-l›lar.<br />
In this example yafl-l› is the stem to which the plural suffix is attached; whereas,<br />
6<br />
in yafl-l›, yafl is gi<strong>ve</strong>n this morphological status.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Complex words are formed through three types of affixation in a language:<br />
7<br />
suffixation with suffixes, prefixation with prefixes <strong>and</strong> infixation with infixes.<br />
Suffixes are placed after the stem; prefixes before the stem; <strong>and</strong> infixes within<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7<br />
It is your turn!<br />
the stem by way of stem modification. Turkish <strong>morphology</strong> predominantly allows<br />
It is your turn!<br />
suffixation as in sev-gi, sev-gi-li, sev- gi- li-ler, etc. Prefixes <strong>and</strong> infixes can 8 widely<br />
be seen in the expansion of foreign words such as, anti-propog<strong>and</strong>a from<br />
8<br />
propog<strong>and</strong>a, gayri-resmi from resmi; hakim from hüküm, tacir It is your from turn! tüccar, etc.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
9 9<br />
Derivational Morphemes vs Inflectional Morphemes<br />
We ha<strong>ve</strong> seen that in gözcüler, göz is contrasted with -cü <strong>and</strong> -ler in terms of its<br />
st<strong>and</strong>ing: it is a free morpheme; whereas, the other two are bound morphemes.<br />
But göz <strong>and</strong> -cü are similar in terms of another criterion. They are both considered<br />
to be units of meaning. Göz is a lexical item which has a meaning of its own,<br />
but -cü has the capacity to change this meaning <strong>and</strong> assign a different one instead.<br />
So, both can be classified as content morphemes. The new combination gözcü is<br />
a noun deri<strong>ve</strong>d from a noun having a meaning different from that of the stem<br />
noun. In other words, the suffix -cü has changed the meaning of the stem göz.<br />
Some suffixes can change both the meaning <strong>and</strong> the syntactic class of the stem.<br />
For example, sat›c› is a noun deri<strong>ve</strong>d from a <strong>ve</strong>rb by adding the suffix (y)IcI4 It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
10<br />
10<br />
It is your turn!<br />
11<br />
It is your turn!<br />
11<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
12<br />
. This<br />
12<br />
pocess of forming new words by using bound morphemes It is is called your turn! derivation<br />
<strong>and</strong> the morphemes which add to or change the meaning of a stem word<br />
13<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or<br />
It is your turn!<br />
13<br />
65<br />
It is your turn!
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