turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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108<br />
Table 7.1<br />
Person Agreement Markers in Turkish<br />
1 st singular<br />
2 nd singular<br />
3 nd singular<br />
1 st plural<br />
2 nd plural<br />
3 rd plural<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbal paradigm<br />
for<br />
-(Ι)yor, -mΙfl,<br />
-(Ι/A)r,<br />
(y)AcAK<br />
-Ιm<br />
-sΙn<br />
-φ<br />
-Ιz<br />
-sΙnΙz<br />
-lAr<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
Agreement in person is not enough as shown by the ungrammaticality of *ben<br />
geldik. In this sentence the category person marked by the subject <strong>and</strong> the <strong>ve</strong>rb is<br />
compatible: the first person. What is incompatible, howe<strong>ve</strong>r, is the category<br />
number. The subject is singular, whereas the marker on the <strong>ve</strong>rb is plural. Clearly,<br />
grammatical forms require agreement in both person <strong>and</strong> number categories.<br />
There are two types of agreement in Turkish: <strong>ve</strong>rbal agreement <strong>and</strong> nominal<br />
agrement. Verbal agreement is seen on the <strong>ve</strong>rbs of main clau<strong>ses</strong>, predicati<strong>ve</strong><br />
nouns, <strong>and</strong> predicati<strong>ve</strong> adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s (see Unit 11 for more). Obser<strong>ve</strong> the first person<br />
agreement in the examples below. Agreement markers are italicised.<br />
Biz çocu¤u gördü-k. person <strong>and</strong> number agreement on a predicate <strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
Biz çal›flkan-›z. person <strong>and</strong> number agreement on a predicate adjecti<strong>ve</strong><br />
Biz ö¤retmen-iz. person <strong>and</strong> number agreement on a predicate noun<br />
As shown below, nominal agreement is marked on the nouns of pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong><br />
constructions, on the <strong>ve</strong>rbs of noun clau<strong>ses</strong>, <strong>and</strong> on the <strong>ve</strong>rbs of relati<strong>ve</strong> clau<strong>ses</strong>.<br />
bizim çocu¤-u-muz agreement in a pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong> construction<br />
bizim gördü¤-ü-müz çocuk agreement in a relati<strong>ve</strong> clause<br />
bizim çocu¤u gördü¤-ü-müz agreement in a noun clause<br />
bizim çocu¤u görme-miz agreement in a noun clause<br />
bizim çocu¤u görece¤-i-miz agreement in a noun clause<br />
Surely, the first person is not the only person category in Turkish. Table 7.1 displays<br />
all person categories <strong>and</strong> their variations in different <strong>ve</strong>rbal <strong>and</strong> nominal forms.<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbal paradigm<br />
for<br />
-DΙ <strong>and</strong> -sA<br />
-m<br />
-n<br />
-φ<br />
-k<br />
-nΙz<br />
-lAr<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbal paradigm<br />
for<br />
-A<br />
-(y) AyΙm<br />
-(y) AsΙn<br />
-(y) A<br />
-(y) AlΙm<br />
-(y) AsΙnΙz<br />
-(y) AlAr<br />
(-sΙnlAr)<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbal paradigm<br />
for<br />
imperati<strong>ve</strong><br />
X<br />
-φ<br />
-sΙn<br />
X<br />
-(y) Ιn (Ιz)<br />
-sΙnlAr<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbal paradigm<br />
for<br />
copula<br />
-(y) Ιm<br />
-sΙn<br />
-φ / -DΙr<br />
-(y) Ιz<br />
-sΙnΙz<br />
-lAr<br />
Despite this rich system, Turkish allows some violations of agreement to<br />
produce socially marked forms. Consider the following examples.<br />
(17) a. Müdür Bey ne arzu ederler?<br />
b. Say›n rektör geldiler mi?<br />
c. Bu sat›rlar›n yazar› bu görüflü benimsememektedir.<br />
d. Nuran Han›m, sizinle daha önce karfl›laflmam›fl m›yd›k?<br />
nominal<br />
paradigm<br />
-(Ι) m<br />
-(Ι) n<br />
-(s) Ι (n)<br />
-(Ι) mΙz<br />
-(Ι) nΙz<br />
-lArΙ (n)
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