turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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Fricati<strong>ve</strong>: Sound produced with partial obstruction so that<br />
G<br />
there is friction.<br />
Generic: A reference type which refers to a group rather than<br />
the specific members of that group: Kitap (generic) in<br />
kitap faydal›d›r as opposed to kitab› (definite) in kitab›<br />
faydal› buldum or bir kitap (indefinite) in bir kitap buldum.<br />
Geniti<strong>ve</strong>: A type of case which marks the “pos<strong>ses</strong>sor” by the<br />
suffix -(n)In: evin, araban›n.<br />
Genre: Types of discourse.<br />
Glottal: Sound produced at the glottis.<br />
Gradable adjecti<strong>ve</strong>: An adjecti<strong>ve</strong> that characterizes a property<br />
in varying degrees. Therefore, the negati<strong>ve</strong> of a gradable<br />
adjecti<strong>ve</strong> does not necessarily yield its opposite:<br />
s›cak; s›cak de¤il may imply not only the opposite so¤uk,<br />
but also ›l›k or serin.<br />
Gradable antonym: Gradable antonyms denote two opposite<br />
ends of a gradable or scalar dimension.<br />
Grammatical category: A category which marks a particular<br />
grammatical inflection that is associated with a particular<br />
word class: case <strong>and</strong> number as grammatical categories<br />
associated with nouns.<br />
Grammatical relation: The way a constituent of a sentence<br />
functions within a sentence. The most common grammatical<br />
relations are subject <strong>and</strong> object.<br />
Grammaticality: A syntactic unit, i.e. a phrase, clause or sentence<br />
that obeys the rules of grammar in a language <strong>and</strong><br />
used or interpreted as such by nati<strong>ve</strong> speakers.<br />
H<br />
Head parameter: The variation across languages related to<br />
the direction of the head in a phrase. The head can be<br />
at initial position, as in English, for the journey, where<br />
for is the head of PP. In Turkish the head is at final position,<br />
as in her fley için, where için is the head of PP.<br />
Head: The central element in a phrase. For example, the head<br />
of a NP is a noun.<br />
Hearsay: A type of modal meaning which indicates indirect<br />
(second-h<strong>and</strong>) evidence. It is also called reportati<strong>ve</strong>. For<br />
example, Demet gel-mifl implies that the speaker has<br />
heard that Demet has come; not that the e<strong>ve</strong>nt has not<br />
been witnessed by the speaker.<br />
Height: Height of the tongue body in the vocal tract.<br />
Glossary<br />
169<br />
Hypernym ( also known as superordinate): It is a word<br />
which is general <strong>and</strong> it includes the meaning of words<br />
with more specific meanings.<br />
Hyponym: A word whose meaning is included in the meaning<br />
of another word. For example, car, ship, bicycle, etc.<br />
are <strong>ve</strong>hicles <strong>and</strong> each is a hyponym of the word <strong>ve</strong>hicle.<br />
I<br />
Idiosyncratic property: Property that is not predictable.<br />
Illocutionary force: In speech-act theory, a speaker's intention<br />
in deli<strong>ve</strong>ring an utterance.<br />
Immediate constituent: The highest constituents of a syntactic<br />
unit. For example, SÆ NP VP; NP <strong>and</strong> VP are immediate<br />
constituents of S.<br />
Impersonal passi<strong>ve</strong>: A passi<strong>ve</strong> construction made from an<br />
intransiti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb: gidilir, a¤lan›r, düflülür, bo¤ulunur.<br />
Implicature: A result of a listener making an inference as the<br />
most likely meaning an utterance may ha<strong>ve</strong> in a gi<strong>ve</strong>n<br />
context.<br />
Indefinite pronoun: A pronoun that denotes someone or<br />
something with an unidentifiable. referent: herfley, biri,<br />
bir fley, herkes.<br />
Indirect evidence: Information that enables the speaker to<br />
make a deduction about the actuality of an e<strong>ve</strong>nt (also<br />
see Hearsay <strong>and</strong> Inferential).<br />
Indirect speech act: What is meant by a speaker's utterance<br />
that is not part of what is explicitly said.<br />
Inferential: A modal meaning which indicates indirect sensory<br />
(visual or auditory) evidence: Demet gel-mifl upon<br />
seeing Demet’s shoes on the mat (visual evidence) or<br />
upon hearing her talk in another room (auditory evidence).<br />
Note that the e<strong>ve</strong>nt has not been experienced<br />
directly by the speaker.<br />
Infiniti<strong>ve</strong>: The form of a <strong>ve</strong>rb that is not inflected for tense.<br />
Infix: A sound or group of sounds used within a word to<br />
change the meaning or function of that word: hakim<br />
from hüküm, tacir from tüccar.<br />
Inflectional morpheme: An affix that marks the grammatical<br />
class of word as noun, <strong>ve</strong>rb, adjecti<strong>ve</strong> etc.: the “plural”<br />
-lAr of kitaplar as a noun marker, the past tense -DI<br />
of geldi as a <strong>ve</strong>rb marker.<br />
Innate: A quality that is pre-determined by the genetic nature<br />
of an organism, equipped from birth rather than acquired<br />
through experience.<br />
Intensifier: An ad<strong>ve</strong>rbial that intensifies the meaning of the<br />
syntactic unit that it modifies.
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