turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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18 It is your turn! Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi) Now that we know the different parts of the vocal tract, we can begin to describe consonants. CONSONANT DESCRIPTION Consonants are described in terms of • voicing (presence or absence of vocal cord vibration) • place of articulation (where in the vocal tract sounds are produced) • manner of articulation (how sounds are produced in terms of airflow) Voicing Voicing is defined as the presence or absence of vocal cord vibration. Vocal cords are two muscular folds within the larynx behind the Adam’s apple. You can manipulate your vocal cords by opening and closing them. The vocal cords are open when breathing. You can also close your vocal cords. Make the sound you would make when you are surprised: Two ‘a ’s with a stop in between (may be written as ‘a-a’). Stop after you make the first ‘a ’. Try breathing. You should not be able to because you have closed your vocal cords, not leaving a passage between them thus preventing the air from passing through. The air that comes out of the lungs goes up through the trachea into the larynx and between the vocal cords. As the air passes between the vocal cords, vocal cords may be apart or close together. If the vocal cords are apart, the air passes through the vocal cords freely. If the vocal cords are close together, then there is a narrow passage between them which causes a build up of air pressure. This air pressure in turn causes vocal cords to vibrate. If the vocal cords vibrate in the production of sounds, then those sounds are voiced. If the vocal cords do not vibrate, then those sounds are voiceless. To be able to distinguish voiced consonants from voiceless ones, produce the sound /ssssss/, then follow it with /zzzzzz/. Then, alternate between /s/ and /z/ producing /sssszzzzsssszzzz…/. You should notice that both of these sounds are formed in the same way and in the same place. The only difference between /s/ and /z/ is voicing where /s/ is voiceless as there is no vocal cord vibration, /z/ is voiced as there is vocal cord vibration. You can feel vocal cord vibration by placing your finger on the Adam’s apple when you are producing /z/. You can also hear your vocal cords vibrate. Stop up your ears by putting your fingers on your ears. When you produce /z/ you should hear a buzzing sound which is vocal cord vibration. You can also try this with /f/ (voiceless) and /v/ (voiced). Voicing is important in distinguishing sounds because there are pairs of sounds which are formed It is your turn! in the same way and in the same place and the only difference 1 between 1such sounds is voicing; one sound being voiced and the other voiceless. It is your turn! Produce the It following is your turn! sounds. Decide whether they are voiced or voiceless. 2 Letter 2 Sound voiced/voiceless fl S It is your turn! 3 l It is your turn! m 3 ç l m tS It is your turn! 4 r It is your turn! c j4 R dZ Z It is your turn! It is your turn! 5 5 It is your turn! It is your turn! 6 6
Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants Places of Articulation Consonants are described in terms of where in the vocal tract they are produced. Here different places of articulation for Turkish consonants will be discussed. Bilabial: two lips together Say the words bellek, p›nar, masa. Notice that the initial sounds of these words ‘b’, ‘p’, and ‘m’ are produced by putting two lips together. Hence these sounds are called bilabial sounds (bi- meaning ‘two’, labial meaning ‘lip’). IPA symbols for these sounds are /b/, /p/, /m/, respectively. Labiodental: lower lip and upper front teeth. Say the words fare and vali. To produce ‘f’ and ‘v’, lower lip is raised to touch the upper teeth. These sounds are therefore called labiodental sounds (labio - meaning ‘lip’, dental referring to the ‘teeth’). IPA symbols for these sounds are /f/,/V/, respectively. Alveolar: tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge In Turkish, the initial sounds of the words dede, temel, sen, zümrüt, neden, limon, rahat are alveolar consonants. To produce d, t, s, z, n, l, and r in the above words, the tip or the blade of the tongue is on the alveolar ridge. IPA symbols for these sounds are /d/, /t/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /R/, respectively. Palato-alveolar: tongue blade and back of the alveolar ridge. The initial sounds in words such as fleker, jip, çilek, can are produced with the tongue blade in a space between the alveolar ridge and the palate. IPA symbols for these sounds are /S/, /Z/, /tS/, /dZ/, respectively. Palatal: front of the tongue and the hard palate Say the words y›l and yöre. In producing the initial sound of these words, notice that the front of your tongue is raised towards the hard palate. Hence this sound is called palatal. IPA symbol for this sound is /æ/. Velar: back of the tongue and the velum (or the soft palate) Notice that when you say the words kap› and garson, the back of your tongue raises towards the soft palate forming the sounds k and g. Because they are formed at the velum, these sounds are called velar. IPA symbols for these sounds are /k/ and /g/, respectively. Glottal: articulation involving the glottis The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis. The initial sound of han is a glottal sound as the air coming out of the lungs passes through the vocal cords and goes out of the mouth without any obstruction in the vocal tract. IPA symbol for this sound is /h/. These are the places of articulation used for Turkish consonants. There are other places of articulation used in other languages but not in Turkish. For example, English has interdental consonants formed by placing the tip of the tongue between the teeth. In words such as thank and those, contrasted with tank and doze, the initial sounds are formed in such a way. The IPA symbols for these 19
Page 1 and 2: T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YA
Page 3 and 4: Contents Why Study Sounds?.........
Page 5 and 6: Grammatical Categories ............
Page 7 and 8: Kitapla ilgili olarak eminim hepini
Page 9 and 10: Why Study Sounds? INTRODUCTION Lang
Page 11 and 12: [s] /s/ [z] [´z] The differences i
Page 13 and 14: • Speaker-based description • A
Page 15 and 16: Summary It is through the use of la
Page 17 and 18: “ Turkish Alive Examine the follo
Page 19 and 20: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 21 and 22: Turkish Consonants INTRODUCTION Why
Page 23: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants The dif
Page 27 and 28: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants produce
Page 29 and 30: s h l tS R d Unit 2 - Turkish Conso
Page 31 and 32: The necessary condition for /n/ bec
Page 33 and 34: Summary The production of consonant
Page 35 and 36: Turkish Alive Transcribe the conson
Page 38 and 39: 3TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
Page 40 and 41: 34 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 42 and 43: It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
Page 44 and 45: 38 Figure 3.4 English Vowels Turkis
Page 48 and 49: 42 Summary Turkish Phonology and Mo
Page 50 and 51: 44 Turkish Alive Turkish Phonology
Page 52 and 53: 4TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
Page 62 and 63: 56 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
Page 64: 58 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 67 and 68: Morphology: The Wordland INTRODUCTI
Page 69 and 70: When you compare the syllable and m
Page 71 and 72: Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland a
Page 73 and 74: white arrow. This takes us to the n
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(6) a. kitap b. kitap-l›k c. kita
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The Morpheme Marking Definite Past
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Self-test 1. Which one of the follo
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Adal›, O. (1979). Türkiye Türk
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Evidently, the morpheme /-AlA/ has
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Word-Formation Processes INTRODUCTI
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derived stem denominal nominal deve
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falan), haber maber (haber falan),
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It is your turn! Though relatively
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Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes (
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Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes B
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Summary In this chapter we have loo
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Turkish Alive Read the article by C
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Key to “It is your turn!” It is
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Grammatical Categories INTRODUCTION
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Non-Plural Functions of -lAr Unit 7
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(1) a. Serhat’› kurtard›lar.
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We know that proper nouns and prono
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The Locative Case -DA The locative
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subjective genitive çocu¤un a¤la
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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Do we always talk about facts? Past
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Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories The
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-mIfl has another evidential functi
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TIME LINE X G ü n e fl d o ¤ u d
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It is your turn! veriyor suggest th
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of appropriate adverbials: Sak›n
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Restrictions on Impersonal Passives
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In (33a) there are two participants
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Summary 1. How many different categ
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“ Turkish Alive “(1) Türk yön
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markers. -lAr is the plural morphem
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8TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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136 Turkish Phonology and Morpholog
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142 It is your turn! It is your tur
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1 1 It is your turn! It is your tur
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It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
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158 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
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160 References & Bibliography Turki
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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164 Unit 5 Turkish Phonology and Mo
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174 V Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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176 T Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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