turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
sound it may sound funny or not native-like, but it would still be kil with the
meaning of kil. We could then say that /k/ in Turkish has two different surface
realizations or two variations, [c] and [k]. Such variations which do not change the
meaning are called allophones. Allophone is then a variation of a sound which
does not cause a change in the meaning of a word. Allophones are generally
predictable in that one allophone occurs in one environment while the other occurs
in a different environment. In Turkish, the occurrence of [k] and [c] is determined
by the vowel. The vowels in the first column are called ‘front vowels’ thus the
formation of /k/ is affected and is fronted. The vowels in the second column are
called ‘back vowels’ and with the effect of the vowels /k/ is formed further back.
As mentioned above, slashes (/ /) are used to represent phonemes while square
brackets ([ ]) are used to represent allophones. The reason is that phonemes are
the representations at the phonological level, i.e., underlying representations,
while allophones are the actual surface realizations. There is, then, one
representation in the phonological component which may be realized as such or
differently. And the different realizations of a phoneme are in most cases predictable
because they are rule governed.
It is your turn!
Learn what the It is your following turn! terms mean:
1 a) systematic 1 regularity f) underlying representation
b) idiosyncratic property g) surface realization
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c) phoneme
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d) allophone
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e) minimal pairs
h) phonetics
i) phonology
It is your turn!
THE SPEECH CHAIN
It is your turn!
3 The complex 3 knowledge of language surfaces as speech. The speech process is
comprised of a speaker and a listener between which an acoustic signal is
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transmitted. It is your turn!
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speaker listener
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It is your turn!
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acoustic signal
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The speech process seems to be simple as every normal speaking and hearing
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person communicates mostly through speech. However, it is a very complex system.
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To illustrate the complexity of the speech process, let us describe briefly and simply
what is involved in the production and the perception of speech. To produce speech
It is your turn!
sounds, neural It is your commands turn! are sent to muscles and as a result, muscles contract. In
7 speech, precise 7 and rapid coordination of more than eighty muscles are used (Laver,
1994:1). Air, the source of sound, is pushed out of the lungs with the contraction of
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muscles into It is the your vocal turn! apparatus. The air that passes through the vocal tract gains
8 different 8qualities
as a result of different shapes of the vocal tract. The sounds are
transmitted through air which is an acoustic signal. That signal then reaches the
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listener’s ear It is where your turn! the nerves in the ear are put into motion. Those nerve pulses are
then translated
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into a linguistic message, which then ends up in the brain.
As there is a speaker and a listener and an acoustic signal produced by the
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speaker and received by the listener, sounds are described in three different ways.
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The three different descriptions of sounds are,
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn! It is your turn!