turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
Interjection: A closed class consisting of words expressing
emotional sates such as pain (Ay!), devastation (Yaz›k!),
delight (Yaflas›n!).
Interrogative pronoun: A pronoun which is used to form
questions: ne, kim, nerede, neden, nas›l, kimin.
Intransitive verb: A verb that cannot take an object.
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet used in linguistics to
represent sounds of the languages of the world.
Iterative: The type of aspectual meaning which signals that
the event described by the verb has multiple cycles:
kahkaha atmak (more than one burst of laugh), h›çk›r›k
tutmak (more than one hiccup), k›k›rdamak (more than
one giggle).
L
Labio-dental: Sound produced with lower lip and upper
teeth.
Language Acquisition Device (LAD): The innate mental
apparatus for acquiring language.
Letter: Arbitrary symbols used to represent sounds.
Lexical aspect: The type of aspectual meaning that is not
marked by a grammatical marker, but signaled, instead,
by the lexical content of the verb. For example,
hapfl›rmak is a verb that lasts only a second. But this
property is hidden in the meaning of the verb. It is not
marked by a grammatical morpheme as in yapar. In this
example, the aspectual meaning of habituality is marked
by -(A)r/-(I)r. (also see Aspect)
Lexicon: An inventory of words in a language; or mental dictionary
of a native speaker.
Loan translation/calque: A literal translation of a word or
expression from one language into another: serbest vurufl
from free kick, insan kaynaklar› from human resources.
Locative: A type of case which marks “location” by the suffix
-dA: evde, arabada.
Locutionary act: In speech-act theory, the act of making a
meaningful utterance.
M
Main clause: The clause to which subordinate clauses are
embedded (same as a matrix clause).
Marked: An item which is less basic, less frequent, but more
precise: doberman is more marked than köpek. A doberman
is always a dog, but not vice versa.
Matrix clause: The clause that is highest in a sentence and to
which other clauses are subordinated. (same as a main
clause).
Metaphorical extension: An extention in the meaning of a
word to refer to a referent with a comparable meaning:
as with bafl in so¤an bafl›, or delmek in sözleri yürekleri
deldi.
Minimal pair: A pair of words differing only in one sound.
Modifier: An element that modifies a head. (See also adjunct).
Monotransitive: A verb that takes a direct object: sevmek,
görmek, yemek.
Mood: A grammatical category which is inflected on verbs. It
is indicated by verbal suffixes. It describes the speaker’s
opinion about the actuality of an event (epistemic modality),
or the internal or external compulsion on the part of
the speaker to perform an act (deontic modality). Some
examples are: Gürkan çok çal›fl-mal› (deontic/obligation),
Gürkan çok çal›fl-m›fl (epistemic/hearsay), Gürkan
çal›fl-abilir (epistemic/possibility), Gürkan çal›fl-s›n
(deontic/imperative).
Morpheme: The smallest indivisible meaningful unit of a
word. A morpheme cannot be broken into smaller elements
without changing or distorting the meaning. For
example, sil is a morpheme in Turkish. If the initial sound
is removed it becomes il which has a different meaning.
Words may consist of one morpheme or more. Sil is a
word composed of one morpheme, whereas silgiler of
three: the stem sil, the noun forming suffix -gi, and the
plural suffix -ler.
Morphology: The study of morphemes as the building structures
of words, allomorphs as different forms of morphemes,
and the ways in which they combine to form
words.
N
Narrowing: A process during which a word loses some
aspects of its meaning. For example erik was used to
refer to peaches, apricots and pears in Old Turkish. It is
now narrowed down to prunes only.
Nasal: Sound produced with a total obstruction in the oral
tract with a lowered velum.
Neutral vowel: Vowel produced when the tongue is at rest
position (schwa is a neutral vowel).
Node: The labeled points in a tree diagram. For example, the
following diagram illustrates NP, Adj. and N nodes.
Nominal category: A grammatical category that is associated
with nouns: case and number.
Nominal compound: A compound whose central element is
a noun: tak›m kaptan›, sokak bafl›, k›rkayak, külhanbeyi.