turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Glossary
A
A superordinate (or a hypernym): It is a word that is gen-
eral enough to include some words with a more specific
meaning, known as hyponyms.
Ablative: A type of case which typically marks “direction
from” by the suffix -DAn: evden, arabadan.
Acceptability: Comprehensibility of a grammatical unit in
terms of making sense out of it, though it may not be
grammatical.
Accomplishment: A process verb that has an end point to
be reached for its completion: daire çizmek, börek yapmak,
iyileflmek.
Accusative: A type of case which typically marks the direct
object by the suffix -(y)I: evi, arabay›.
Achievement: A verb expressing an instantaneous change
which occurs at a single moment: kazanmak, vurmak,
devirmek, bafllamak, do¤mak, ölmek.
Acronym: A word which is formed as the short for a set of
other words by combining only the initial letters of these
words: RTÜK from Radyo Televizyon Üst Kurulu, CMUK
from Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü Kanunu.
Act: The type of a Noun Clause that denotes the act itself
rather than the actual happening. Acts cannot be confirmed
or falsified.
Active voice: A verb that is not marked for voice and that
requires a subject: iç-, uyu-.
Activity: A process verb that does not require reaching an
end point for the action to have been performed: yazmak,
içmek, sürmek, yürümek, yüzmek.
Adjectival compound: A compound whose central element
is an adjective: gözü pek, uzun boylu, vurdumduymaz.
Adjectivalization: A grammatical process that creates adjectives
or expressions similar to adjectives: merakl›, temizlenebilir,
ç›kmaz, k›r›k, k›r›lm›fl.
Adjective: A word which modifies a noun: s›cak in s›cak su,
faydal› in faydal› kitap.
Adjunct: An optional element in a phrase or clause that functions
as a modifier. For example, adjectives, relative
clauses, adverbs of manner, time, etc. are adjuncts. Note
that they can be deleted and the phrase is still complete.
(Also see modifier).
Adverb: A modifier of a verb, adjective, or other adverbs:
h›zl› in h›zl› koflmak, çok in çok h›zl›.
Glossary
165
Adverbial: Any word, group of words, or clause that functions
like an adverb. For example, geçen y›l is a NP; but
it is an adverbial.
Adverbialization: A grammatical process that creates adverbs
or expressions similar to adverbs: h›zla, h›zl›ca, h›zl›
olmak için.
Affix: A bound morpheme which can be attached to a stem
as a prefix, suffix, or infix: -den in evden, na- in nahofl.
Affixation: A process through which a bound morpheme is
attached to a stem either to form a new word or to inflect
the stem: evci, evler.
Affricate: A combination of a stop and a fricative.
Agreement (subject-verb agreement): The compatibility
between the verbal suffixes and subjects in terms of person
and number marking.
Agreement: A grammatical category marked on a word to
indicate this word’s grammatical relationship to another.
For example, a verb has to agree with its subject in person
and number in Turkish: -m on the verb in ben geldim
indicates a first person and singular subject which agrees
with the syntactic subject ben having the same person
and number characterization.
Allomorph: A variant of a morpheme: the -ak of bardak and
the -ek of benek are allomorphs of the “diminutive”
morpheme -Ak.
Allophone: Variation of a phoneme that does not change the
meaning of a word.
Alveolar: Sound produced at the alveolar ridge.
Anaphora: The act of referring to an entity that preceed the
pronoun.
Antonyms: A word with an opposite meaning to another
word: k›sa as the antonym of uzun, büyük as the
antonym of küçük.
Approximant: Approximation of two articulators but without
a turbulent airstream.
Arbitrary PRO: The subject of a -mEK clause that refers to all
people or any human being. For example, [PRO iyi uyumak]
sa¤l›k için gereklidir.
Argument: A noun phrase that occurs in a verb phrase as
part of the predication: the verb öpmek in bebe¤i öptü
has one argument, the direct object bebek. Sometimes
subjects are treated arguments as well.
Aspect: A grammatical category which is inflected on verbs.
It is indicated by verbal suffixes. It describes the way in
which the event occurs. This information can be con-