turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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126<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
Semantics of causation exibits a number of different functions. Comrie (1985: 332-<br />
334) suggests three types of relations between the causer <strong>and</strong> the effect brought<br />
about: causation proper (cause/make), causation permissi<strong>ve</strong> (allow/let), <strong>and</strong> causation<br />
assisti<strong>ve</strong> (help). Some examples are:<br />
(35) a. Causation proper Onu doyurdum.<br />
b. Causation permissi<strong>ve</strong> Sak›n kap›y› açt›rma!<br />
c. Causation assisti<strong>ve</strong> Ona ders çal›flt›rd›m.<br />
With the proper meaning, the causer brings about a situation which might not<br />
ha<strong>ve</strong> come about without him/her. With the permissi<strong>ve</strong>, the causer has the power<br />
to pre<strong>ve</strong>nt the <strong>ve</strong>rb from happening, or allow it to happen. In the assisti<strong>ve</strong>, the<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rb may or may not ha<strong>ve</strong> come about without the causer, but s/he helps bring it<br />
about as shown abo<strong>ve</strong>. Using this criteria, the underlying messages signalled in the<br />
examples in (35) can be listed as:<br />
(a) I caused him/her to eat.<br />
(b) You ha<strong>ve</strong> the power not to let him open the door. So, don’t let him!<br />
(c) I helped him with his lessons.<br />
In addition to marking the natural participants of a <strong>ve</strong>rb, one more causati<strong>ve</strong><br />
marker can be added to the causati<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb to include an element of force. Compare<br />
(a) ye-dir-t-tir <strong>and</strong> (b) ye-dir-t. Despite the extra causati<strong>ve</strong> morpheme in (a), there<br />
is no difference in the valency structure of (a) <strong>and</strong> (b). Both mean that ‘Ha<strong>ve</strong><br />
someone ha<strong>ve</strong> someone else eat something’. Howe<strong>ve</strong>r, the former sounds more<br />
It is your turn! It is your turn!<br />
14 forceful 14<br />
than the latter (Demircan, 2002: 84).<br />
It is your turn! a. What is the It is function your turn! of causati<strong>ve</strong> in the following?<br />
15 Param›z› 15 haraçç›lara yediriyoruz.<br />
b. What is the order of <strong>ve</strong>rbal categories in dayan›flt›r›ld›lar? (example from Lewis, 1967: 152)<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
1 1<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
2 2<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3 3<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
4 4<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
5 5<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
6 6<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7 7<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
8 8
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