turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

It is your turn!
It is your turn!
6 6
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
156
7 Turkish Phonology 7 and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
It is your turn!
Which It one is your of turn! these coordinators are more prototypical? Huddleston (1988:
8 195-196) 8 suggests the following criteria. Reducibility to one element is a
prototypical feature of coordination. Ali ve Ayfle ö¤retmen can be reduced to Ali
It is your turn!
ö¤retmen. It However, is your turn! this may not be possible in sentences having inherent plural
9 meanings 9 or agreement: Ali ile Ayfle kardefller cannot be reduced to *Ali kardefller.
Coordination allows a change in order without distorting the semantic content:
Ayfle genç ve güzel vs Ayfle güzel ve genç. But the order may not be reversible in
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
anaphoric constructions: erken gel de patronla görüfl vs *patronla görüfl de erken
10
gel. For many
10
cliches only one order is possible, peynir ekmek, yukar› afla¤›, gece
gündüz, baylar bayanlar, kad›n erkek.
It is your turn!
Likeness It is of your class turn! and function is another property of coordinated elements:
11 *Ali ve çocukça 11 a¤lad› is ungrammatical since a noun and an adverb, members of
two different words classes, are coordinated. But sometimes this does not yield
ungrammatical forms as long as the coordinated elements share the same function:
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
Hemen ya da yemekten sonra yapabiliriz. So, likeness of function may sometimes
12 be a sufficient 12 condition for coordination.
It is your turn!
Which one of It is the your following turn!
is better? Why?
13 a. Onun 13 yalan söyledi¤i ve cehaleti herkesçe biliniyor.
b. Onun yalac›l›¤› ve cehaleti herkesçe biliniyor.
Open endedness is the ability to allow infinite number of elements to
coordinate. Ve and veya are the most prototypical in that sense: Ankara, ‹stanbul,
‹zmir, Ayd›n ve/veya Eskiflehir. Ama and hem...hem de, ya .... ya da, ne ... ne de
are restricted to two: *Ankara, ‹stanbul, ‹zmir, Ayd›n ama Eskiflehir; *hem Ankara,
‹stanbul, ‹zmir, Ayd›n hem de Eskiflehir; *ya Ankara, ‹stanbul, ‹zmir, Ayd›n ya da
Eskiflehir; *ne Ankara, ‹stanbul, ‹zmir, Ayd›n ne de Eskiflehir.
Ve and veya are similar in their range of positions too. They coordinate at any
place, but there are some restrictions for the others. For example, hem ... hem de
cannot combine clauses: *Hem Ali onu sevdi, hem de Ahmet sevdi. Ama cannot
coordinate noun phrases unless they stand in a contrastive relation: *[Ali’yi] ama
[Ayfle’yi] gördüm is not grammatical, but [kalemlerimin hepsini] ama [kiplar›m›n
birini] buldum is grammatical since ama marks a contrast in quantification.
[Kitaplar›m› de¤il] ama [kalemlerimi] buldum is also grammatical because it
displays a contrast in polarity.
Interjections
This category is one of the reflections of human character of language. It includes
words expressing a range of different emotional reactions: sadness (of), surprise
(ya), happiness (yafla), excitement (oley), regret (tüh, tövbe), longing (ah), fear
(hi), praise (aferin), disappointment (aflk olsun) etc. They are also used as
attention gatherers: hey, flflflt, huu, etc. By changing intonation, the same
interjection may be used to express different feelings. For example, aman may
express fear in Aman Allah›m, request in Aman öyle demeyin, warning in Aman
dikkatli sürün, and surprise in aman ne pahal›. To intensify the meaning
expressed, they can be juxtaposed one after the other: tüh tüh, vah vah, of of, ah
ah. Interjections do not have a fixed position in a sentence, therefore they can be
used sentence initially, medially or finally. They can take case markers and be
used as nouns: ah›m› alma, ne ahlar çektim, vahlar kar etmedi.