turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
slow process that allows self-change through which novel lexical items can be
added to or unproductive ones are dropped out of the lexicon. On the other hand,
revolution is a more sudden process the result of which includes a set of reforms
changing language systematically. No matter how they appear, such changes
provide linguists a useful source displaying the means applied to create new
words, or more technically neologisms, in a language.
WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES
Emelce is the title of one the albums of the famous Turkish pop-singer Emel.
Turkish speakers are certainly familiar with the word Emel as a proper name, and
the morpheme -CA as a marker of manner as in kabaca, erkekçe, kad›nca, güzelce,
s›kça. However, the combination of -CA with a proper noun, except for cases such
as Türkçe, Yunanca was new to them. Yet no one had difficulty in understanding
this neologism. It is because language works systematically based on certain
linguistic rules. The speakers of a language are sensitive to them; therefore, they
always make generalizations based on these rules to create as well as, to understand,
neologisms. Emel, and probably her team, must have made a generalization in
analogy to the above given manner expressing examples to create the word Emelce
to mean Emel’s way, or Emel’s style. Let’s now explore more closely how this
system works in word formation, and how the underlying regularity gives a
language, as well as the users of that language, the ability to create new words.
Derivation
Turkish has a number of means to form new words, but due to its agglutinative
morphology, derivation is one that is used most productively (Özel, 1977: 22).
Quite rich instances of derivation in Turkish are listed by Aksan (1987: 27-30). As
one example, he notes about 100 derivatives of the stem sür-: sür, sürü, sürgü,
sürgülü, sürgüsüz, sürgüle-, sürgülen-, sürgület-, sürgülettir-, sürgüleme-,
sürgüleyifl-, sürgün, sürgünlük, sürme, sürmeli, sürmesiz, sürmelik, sürmeci,
sürmecilik, sürmelemek, sürmedan, sürücü, sürücülü, sürücüsüz, sürücülük,
sürek, sürekli süreksiz, süreklilik, süreksizlik, sürüm, sürümlü, sürümsüz,
sürümsüzlük, sürüm sürüm, süre, süreli, süresiz, süre¤en, süre¤enlefl-, süreölçer,
süreafl›m›, süreyazar, sürerlik, süreç, sürdür-, sürdürme-, sürdürüm-, sürdürüfl,
sürdürt-, sürdürül-, südürülme, sürt, sürtük, sürtüklük, sürtme, sürtüfl-, sürtüflme,
sürtün-, sürtünme, sürtünüfl, sürtüfltür-, sürtüfltürme, sürttür, sürttürme, sürü,
sürüme, sürüyüfl, sürüt-, sürütme, sürütül-, sürüttür-, sürüttürül-, sürç, sürçme,
sürçtür-, sürçtürme, sürükle-, sürükleme, sürükleyici, sürüklen-, sürüklenme,
sürüklet-, sürükletme, sürükletil-, sürükletilme, sürül-, sürülme, sürün-, sürünme,
sürünceme, sürüngen, süründür-, süründürme, süründürül-, süründürülme,
sürüfl, sürüfltür-, sürüfltürülme.
As shown above, as well as in Unit 5, words having new meanings can be
formed by adding derivational affixes to the stem. To expand the examples given
in the previous chapter, we will re-list the four possibilities of derivation in Table
6.1. Recall that denominal nominal stems include nouns formed from nouns, and
deverbal nominal stems include nouns formed from verbs. Similarly, denominal
verbal stems include verbs formed from nouns, and deverbal verbal stems include
verbs made from verbs. Some more examples are: