turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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Nominal: Associated with the category noun.<br />
Nominalization: A grammatical process that creates nouns<br />
or expressions similar to nouns: yönelme, gedi¤ini, gelmen,<br />
gelmek, gelifl.<br />
Nominati<strong>ve</strong> case: A type of case which marks the subject by<br />
the zero morpheme -∆: ev, araba.<br />
Noun incorporation: Fusion of the object noun phrase with<br />
the <strong>ve</strong>rb: el ç›rpmak, gitar çalmak, bal›k tutmak, söz <strong>ve</strong>rmek.<br />
Noun Phrase (NP): A phrase that has a noun as its central<br />
constituent.<br />
Noun: A word that heads a noun phrase which functions as<br />
either the subject or object of a <strong>ve</strong>rb or a complement of<br />
a postposition or an adjecti<strong>ve</strong>. Nouns can be preceded<br />
by adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s <strong>and</strong> determiners: k›z, güzel k›z, bir k›z,<br />
güzel bir k›z.<br />
Number: A nominal grammatical category which marks the<br />
distinction between plural <strong>and</strong> singular.<br />
O<br />
Oblique: A Noun Phrase which has a case other than nominati<strong>ve</strong><br />
<strong>and</strong> accusati<strong>ve</strong>.<br />
Onomatopoeia: Echoing natural sound using speech sounds:<br />
mööö, meee, cik cik, miyav, fl›r›l fl›r›l, v›c›k v›c›k.<br />
Open class: A group of morphemes whose class membership<br />
is so flexible that new members are readily welcome:<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbs, adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s, nouns, ad<strong>ve</strong>rbs.<br />
Optati<strong>ve</strong>: A type of modal meaning which marks the speaker’s<br />
wish: Annemi ara-ya-y›m.<br />
Orthography The way words are spelled.<br />
P<br />
Palatal: Sound produced at the hard palate.<br />
Palato-al<strong>ve</strong>olar: Sound produced at the back of the al<strong>ve</strong>olar<br />
ridge.<br />
Parameters: Variations or dissimilarities across languages.<br />
For example, some languages allow <strong>ve</strong>rbs to be at sentence<br />
final position, while in other languages <strong>ve</strong>rbs take<br />
place at sentence-initial position. This is a parameter.<br />
Paraphrase: It is a term that is used to refer to propositions<br />
that entail each other.<br />
Passi<strong>ve</strong>: The rearrangement of a sentence which allows the<br />
direct object of a transiti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb to be the subject of that<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rb: the change of ö¤renci soruyu cevapl<strong>and</strong>›rd› to soru<br />
ö¤renci taraf›ndan cevapl<strong>and</strong>›r›ld›.<br />
Glossary<br />
171<br />
Perfect of persistent situation: A type of aspectual meaning<br />
which marks e<strong>ve</strong>nts that started in the past but continue<br />
up to the present: Anadolu Uni<strong>ve</strong>rsitesi’nde çal›fl-<br />
›yor-um.<br />
Perfect: A subclass of aspect which marks current relevance.<br />
For example, -DI in Yemek ol-du as a call for dinner to<br />
mean ‘the process of cooking is completed, so we can<br />
eat it now’.<br />
Perfecti<strong>ve</strong>: A subclass of aspect which marks completion.<br />
Yemek ol-du ama daha salata haz›r de¤il entails that the<br />
process of cooking is completed.<br />
Performance: A nati<strong>ve</strong> speaker’s actual use of language in<br />
producing sentences. (see also competence).<br />
Performati<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb: A <strong>ve</strong>rb--such as promise, invite, apologize,<br />
<strong>and</strong> forbid--that explicitly con<strong>ve</strong>ys the kind of<br />
speech act being performed.<br />
Perlocutionary force: In speech-act theory, a speaker's<br />
intention in deli<strong>ve</strong>ring an utterance.<br />
Personal passi<strong>ve</strong>: A passi<strong>ve</strong> made from a transiti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb: arabalar<br />
y›k<strong>and</strong>› from arabalar› y›kad›lar, duvar örüldü from<br />
duvar› ördüler.<br />
Personal pronoun: One of the pronouns that represents the<br />
grammatical category of person: ben, sen, o, biz siz, onlar.<br />
Phoneme: A sound that can change the meaning of a word.<br />
Phonetics: Study of sounds.<br />
Phonology: Study of how speech is organized.<br />
Phrase Structure Rules: Rules formed by generalizing the<br />
structure of phra<strong>ses</strong>.<br />
Phrase: A syntactic unit with a head, a word that is the central<br />
element.<br />
Polarity: A grammatical category that marks the state of being<br />
positi<strong>ve</strong> or negati<strong>ve</strong> on a <strong>ve</strong>rb: Etem geldi (polarity: positi<strong>ve</strong>),<br />
Etem gel-me-di (polarity: negati<strong>ve</strong>).<br />
Polysemy: Polysemy is one word with se<strong>ve</strong>ral but related<br />
meanings.<br />
Pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong> adjecti<strong>ve</strong>: An adjecti<strong>ve</strong> used before a noun that<br />
marks ownership or pos<strong>ses</strong>sion: benim, senin, onun,<br />
bizim, sizin, onlar›n.<br />
Pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong> pronoun: A pronoun used in a <strong>ve</strong>rb phrase to<br />
mark ownership or pos<strong>ses</strong>sion: benimki, seninki, onunki,<br />
bizimki, sizinki, onlar›nki.<br />
Postposition: A word used after a noun to mark various<br />
grammatical relationships with that noun: beri, sonra,<br />
üzerinde, için, dek, de¤in, ra¤men.<br />
Pragmatic competence: The ability to comprehend <strong>and</strong> produce<br />
a communicati<strong>ve</strong> act.<br />
Pragmatics: Study of speech <strong>and</strong> its meaning in context.
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