turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Summary
1. How many different categories are there?
There are two grammatical categories: nominal and
verbal. It is important to note that even though there
are grammatical markers that typically apply to a
particular category, there may be overlaps between
categories. For example, number features can be seen
both on nouns and verbs, but the one used on nouns
is considered to be number marking, and the one on
verbs agreement marking. Likewise, agreement is seen
both on nouns and verbs.
2. What is nominal categorization?
Nominal categorization is the process that is inflected
on nouns. Types of nominal categorization are number
(singular vs plural), gender (feminine vs masculine vs
neuter), and case (nominative, accusative, dative,
locative, ablative, genitive). Note that Turkish does not
have a grammatical category of gender, but, though not
very productively, it employs several foreign suffixes
and lexical derivations marking natural gender in
humans and animals. Also note that the order of the
morphemes in a nominal is: number+possessive+case
3. What is verbal categorization?
Verbal categorization includes grammatical marking on
verbs. It marks, tense (present, past, future), aspect
(completive vs incompletive), negation, voice (active,
passive, reflexive, reciprocal and causative), and
agreement (number, person) categories. Note that some
of these morphemes do not like each other and they
almost never occur in the same environment since they
compete for the same slot in a stem. However, the
commonly employed order of morphemes in a verbal
stem is: voice+TAM+agreement. When there are more
than one voice marking, the order is
reflexive/reciprocal+causative+passive. Note also that
modal and aspectual marking tend to precede tense
marking.
Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories
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