turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
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It is your turn!
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adjectives do not include -CA, but they function as adverbs as in: çabuk çabuk,
It is your turn!
k›s›k k›s›k, uzun uzun. Similarly, güzelce and canice include -CA, but they can be
used as adjectives
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as well: güzelce bir k›z, canice bir plan. But certain derivational
morphemes derive adverbs and only adverbs such as -A added to reduplicated
It is your turn!
verbs as in It seve is your seve, turn! kofla kofla. The morpheme -lA added to nouns derives adverbs
8 as well: hevesle, 8 ifltahla, merakla.
It is your turn!
Can you think It is of your other turn! adverbs that prototypically function as adverbs?
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Distributional Criteria
It is your turn!
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Adverbs function as modifiers of verbs as in ak›ll›ca konufltu, adjectives as in çok
It is your turn!
ak›ll›, and adverbs as in çok ak›ll›ca konufltu. They are also used as connectors
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between clauses and as modifiers of the entire clause: böylece, sonuç olarak,
bundan dolay›, aç›kças›, ne yaz›k ki, maalesef, flüphesiz. The distributional tests
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
for all these positions are shown in the following in this given order.
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(17)
It is your turn!
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a.___V b.___ Adj.
It is your turn!
Çabuk döndü. çok çabuk
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‹yi uyudu. pek iyi
c. ___ Adv.
çok çabuk
pek iyi
d. S___ S
Soru sordum;
böylece, merak›m›
e. ___ S
Maalesef geldi
Ne yaz›kki unuttum.
H›zl› kofltu. hala h›zl› hala h›zl› giderdim. Gerçekten üzüldüm.
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
13 This 13 test may not be reliable in that (17a) and (17b) may generate -instead of
adverbs- a verb phrase consisting of a noun and a verb, and an adjective phrase
consisting of two adjectives. Recall that some noun phrases are used before verbs
in the given slot in (17a) as in kitab› bitirdi, and that two adjectives can be used
one after the other in the given slot in (17b) as kal›n mavi in kal›n mavi kitap; or
adverbs as in daha mavi (17c) and (17d) work better, but they only generate
degree adverbs and sentence adverbs without accounting for the other two types.
Another problem with the distributional criteria is that most adverbs retain
considerable word order flexibility. This means that they do not have a fixed
position within the sentence so they can satisfy a distributional test.
Since adverbs are a very flexible class allowing many overlaps between other
word classes, and since this flexibility makes it harder to develop an objective test
for them, a larger class called particles are proposed. They include some adverbs,
some conjunctions, and postpositions.
CLOSED CLASSES IN TURKISH
Postpositions
Postpositions form phrasal constituents with nouns or noun phrases. That is, they
are not used on their own. They always follow their noun complements as the
head of a postpositional phrase:
(18) [NOUN POSTPOSITION]
anneme göre
annem için