turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

function. Conversely, a more prototypical noun such as kad›n would hold onto its
nouniness in the same context: çal›flkan kad›n, gördü¤ün kad›n. Because gibi acts
like a noun in one context but not in another, it is considered less of a noun than
kad›n. This implies that grammatical likeness is not an all-or-nothing matter, but a
matter of degree. Therefore, we may not always be able to give a definition of a
category with the necessary conditions for category membership. Instead, we can
begin with the definitions of the prototype. The central and most straightforward
instances form a basis from which we can work progressively to the peripheral
-the extensions beyond the prototype.
Which one/s of the following belong/s to both of the classes specified It is on your the turn! left? Construct
It is your turn!
example sentences illustrating the two uses.
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a. noun and verb : say-, soy-, sür-, boya-, savb.
verb and adjective
c. adjective and adverb
d. adjective and noun
: ak-, geç-, ekfli-, kal-, sar-
: güzel, çok, kal›n, k›sa
: yard›msever, köflesiz
It is your turn!
2
It is your turn!
2
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
But how can we characterize prototypes? What makes a noun a prototypical
noun, or a verb a prototypical verb?
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CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING WORDS
Semantic Criteria
Unit 8 - Word Classes
One claim is that words can be classified by looking at their meaning. It is your turn! In this view
It is your turn!
nouns are considered to denote persons, anne; places, okul; and things, 5 masa.
Adjectives denote properties of nouns: iyi in iyi anne; büyük in büyük okul; uzun
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in uzun masa. Adverbs modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives and other adverbs
It is your turn!
in terms of time, place/direction, manner etc.: dün, ileriye, h›zl›ca. Pronouns
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replace nouns, therefore they denote persons, places and things: ben, sen, o, beni,
bana, oras›, buras›. Postpositions mark relationships between their nouns and
It is your turn!
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other words in the rest of the sentence they are used: için,
It is your
ile,
turn!
göre, kadar.
It is your turn!
Conjunctions join words phrases and clauses: ve, veya, ama. Finally, interjections 7
convey feelings or emotions: eh, ey, haydi, ya.
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From the above criteria, we learn that, for example, adjectives It is your are turn! the modifiers
It is your turn!
of nouns. Therefore, if demir and büyük function as modifiers of the noun 8 kap› in
demir kap› and büyük kap›, they must belong to the same category. Then why is
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the expansion of the phrase into daha büyük kap› acceptable It is but your turn! the same type
It is your turn!
of expansion into *daha demir kap› is not? What about the grammatical çok
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büyük
kap› and the ungrammatical *çok demir kap›? By the same criteria, if nouns denote
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persons, places and things, what do boflluk, yokluk and kimseler denote in bofllu¤a
It is your turn!
bakt›, yoklu¤una al›flamad›m and kimseler yolunu kaybetmedi?
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Both büyük and demir in the above examples function as modifiers, but their
combinatory possibilies do not seem to be compatible. This is a restriction on their
It is your turn!
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disributional property which cannot be explained by the semantic It is your criteria. turn! Likewise,
It is your turn!
the words boflluk, yokluk and kimseler cannot be categorized as nouns 11 by the
semantic criteria since they do not refer to anything. However, we know that they
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are nouns. But how? Maybe it is necessary to look at other It is criteria your turn! for a more
objective and reliable classification.
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It is your turn!
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137
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
4 4
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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