turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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84<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
Nominal Compounds<br />
The first type of nominal compound is the one that allows NOUN NOUN pairings.<br />
The most common type is formed by a bare noun followed by another noun<br />
marked with the third person pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong> morpheme: NOUN NOUN+3 rd POSS.<br />
Some examples are çocuk s<strong>and</strong>alyesi, fizik dersi, okul çantas›, çal›flma masas›.<br />
When preceded by çocuk, s<strong>and</strong>alye does not st<strong>and</strong> for any s<strong>and</strong>alye, but the kind<br />
that is designed for children. Likewise, fizik dersi is a kind of course, okul çantas›<br />
is a kind of bag, <strong>and</strong> çal›flma masas› is a kind of table. Compounds formed by<br />
juxtaposing two bare nouns (NOUN NOUN) or one case marked <strong>and</strong> one bare<br />
noun (NOUN+CASE NOUN) yield similar meanings. Some examples of both types<br />
are gi<strong>ve</strong>n in (2a) <strong>and</strong> (2b) respecti<strong>ve</strong>ly.<br />
(2)<br />
a. tafl bina ‘a kind of building’<br />
demir köprü ‘a kind of bridge’<br />
kad›n polis ‘police-woman’<br />
b. flekerden ev ‘a kind of house’<br />
ka¤›ttan uçak ‘a kind of toy plane’<br />
The new meanings are fairly transparent in these compounds. That is, the<br />
meaning of the whole deri<strong>ve</strong> from the sum of its parts. Such compounds are called<br />
endocentric compounds. Howe<strong>ve</strong>r, some are opaque in their meaning. Both<br />
components may lose their individual meanings when combined into a single<br />
lexical item. For example, akbaba is not a kind of baba, nor han›meli is a kind of<br />
el. In their new forms, they gain meanings distinct from those of their components’<br />
to describe a kind of bird <strong>and</strong> a kind of plant respecti<strong>ve</strong>ly. These are called<br />
exocentric compounds (Wardhaugh, 1995: 232). There may e<strong>ve</strong>n appear<br />
abstractions in this way of compounding. Figure 6.1. is adapted from Aksan to<br />
illustrate the semantic content of the exocentric compound ç›banbafl› in which<br />
two concrete characterizations are fused to create an abstract concept.<br />
Figure 6.1<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
(Aksan, 1998: 1<br />
101)<br />
1 1 3 2<br />
ç›ban ç›banbafl› bafl<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
2 2 “a boil” “the head of a boil”<br />
“= a delicate matter”<br />
“head”<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3 3<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Find examples It is of your neologisms turn! including N+N+POSS <strong>and</strong> N N+POSS compounds.<br />
4 4<br />
Nominal compounds can also be formed by ADJECTIVE+NOUN combinations<br />
It is your turn!<br />
5<br />
as in: karaa¤aç, palab›y›k, atl›kar›nca, ilkokul, k›rkayak. Some neologisms of this<br />
It is your turn!<br />
type that ha<strong>ve</strong> been added to the lexicon in the last ten years are do¤algaz,<br />
5<br />
toplutafl›ma, ortadirek, kesin dönüfl, hayali ihracat, paral› askerlik, s›rdafl hesap<br />
(examples from ‹mer, 1990: 77).<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
6 6<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7 7<br />
It is your turn! It is your turn!
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