turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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subjecti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> çocu¤un a¤lamas›<br />
objecti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> cam›n k›r›lmas›<br />
geniti<strong>ve</strong> of origin Can Dündar’›n yaz›lar›<br />
descripti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> baflar›lar›n çocu¤u<br />
partiti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> s›n›f›n çal›flkan›<br />
appositi<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> Türk Sinemas›’n›n Sultan›<br />
(adapted from: Wardhaugh, 1995:11)<br />
The subjecti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong> marks the subject of a subordinate clause. This<br />
inflection gi<strong>ve</strong>s a specific reading to the referent of the noun: Çocuk a¤lamas› vs.<br />
çocu¤un a¤lamas›. With geniti<strong>ve</strong> marking, the underlying meaning in the example<br />
is that there is a specific child <strong>and</strong> s/he has cried or will cry. In any case, the<br />
relationship between the geniti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>and</strong> its head is similar to the relationship between<br />
a <strong>ve</strong>rb <strong>and</strong> its subject. In cam›n k›r›lmas›, howe<strong>ve</strong>r, the underlying meaning is that<br />
somebody will break/has broken the window. Cam is the object of the <strong>ve</strong>rb k›r›l,<br />
not the subject. Therefore, this type of function is called the objecti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong>.<br />
The geniti<strong>ve</strong> of origin marks the source from which something originates: Yaz›lar<br />
are generated by Can Dündar. In baflar›lar›n çocu¤u, baflar› characterizes or<br />
describes the child as baflar›l› çocuk. Partiti<strong>ve</strong> geniti<strong>ve</strong>s It express is your turn! a part-whole<br />
relationship. There is a class, this boy/girl is the most hard-working member 1 of this<br />
class. Evin odalar› <strong>and</strong> trenin vagonlar› display a similar relationship. Appositi<strong>ve</strong><br />
geniti<strong>ve</strong>s always imply the non-geniti<strong>ve</strong> noun. They in fact act It is your as an turn! equal (=). In<br />
1<br />
e<strong>ve</strong>rybody’s mind Türk Sinemas›’n›n sultan› implies Türkan fioray. In other 2 words,<br />
they are equivalent of each other: Sultan=Türkan fioray. Similarly, Cumhuriyetin<br />
2<br />
kurucusu implies Atatürk.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
As mentioned earlier, among the case assigners in Turkish, a certain sub-group<br />
3<br />
of <strong>ve</strong>rbs <strong>and</strong> postpositions selects the geniti<strong>ve</strong> case to assign to their objects. Some<br />
examples of such <strong>ve</strong>rbs are X-in onay›n› almak, X-in onurunu kurtarmak, X-in<br />
3<br />
It is your turn!<br />
flerefini korumak; <strong>and</strong> those of postpositions are kadar, gibi, ile when used with<br />
pronouns as in benim kadar, senin gibi <strong>and</strong> onunla.<br />
4 4<br />
Finally, geniti<strong>ve</strong> constructions are claimed to express superlativity when they<br />
are used with headless adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s (Johanson, 1998: 50) as in peynirin It is your turn! iyisi, kitab›n<br />
ucuzu, otelin temizi.<br />
5 5<br />
What meaning relationships appear to be expressed in the following It is geniti<strong>ve</strong>s? your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
kardeflimin bak›c›s›,<br />
Sezen Aksu’nun son kasedi<br />
a¤ac›n dallar›<br />
çocu¤un bisikleti<br />
6 6<br />
Osmanl›n›n son sultan›<br />
avukat›n itiraz›<br />
anas›n›n k›z›<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7<br />
Verbal <strong>and</strong> Nominal Categories<br />
Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Agreement<br />
8 8<br />
Agreement shows a grammatical relationship between two elements in a sentence<br />
which requires concordance in different features. For example,<br />
It is your<br />
the<br />
turn!<br />
subject of a<br />
sentence is suppossed to be compatible with the person marked on the <strong>ve</strong>rb. The<br />
9<br />
reason why *ben geldin is not grammatical is that the person marker on the <strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
does not agree with the person that the subject indicates. The subject is the first<br />
It is your turn!<br />
person, but the person on the <strong>ve</strong>rb is the second person. This violates the obligatory<br />
person agreement rule; therefore, the sentence is ungrammatical.<br />
10<br />
9<br />
107<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
10<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
11 11<br />
It is your turn! It is your turn!
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