turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It 68 is your turn!
Turkish Phonology It is your and turn! Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
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It is your turn!
I. Identify It is the your inflectional turn! and derivational morphemes in s›ralad›k and sayg›s›zlar›
3 II. List 3two
other words which contain each morpheme represented below.
-DAfl anlamdafl, yafltafl, meslektafl
It is your turn!
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-Im bölüm, onar›m, kat›l›m
It is your turn!
-CA çocukça, insanca, düflmanca
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a. Write down the meaning of each morpheme.
b. What is the syntactic category (noun, adjective, adverb, etc.) of the stem and
It is your turn!
what It is is your the turn! category of the resulting word?
5 III. Identify 5 the derivational morpheme/s in the following and write down the function
of each.
It is your turn!
It is kitapl›k your turn! casusluk terliklik bayraml›k
6 6 insanl›k hediyelik kad›nl›k kalemlik
dolmal›k ayakkab›l›k yorgunluk pislik
It is your turn!
It is iyilik your turn! uzakl›k k›fll›k çocukluk
7 7
ORGANIZING PRINCIPLES OF TURKISH
MORPHOLOGY
Morpheme Ordering
Turkish is an agglutinative language which has a vast array of morphemes with
different functions and clear-cut boundaries when combined with each other. Rich
combinations of new meanings are possible by expanding stems as in (a)
kal›nlaflt›r›lmam›fllardanm›flm›fl. However, caution must be taken that there are
some restrictions on the way these morphemes are put together. If they are not
used in the right order, either ungrammatical forms such as (b) *kal›nt›rlafl, or
forms with different meanings such as (c) kal›nlaflt›r›lmam›fltanm›flm›fllar may be
produced. This is because the order of morphemes in a sentence is fixed and each
morpheme is used in the position specified for it. The causative -DIr is always
used after -IAfl yielding (b) ungrammatical. Person marker is always used in the
final position. So (c) is understood as having a plural subject, but (a) as having a
plural object.
One reason for a preference for one particular order over the other is the
tendency in the languages of the world to use derivational morphemes before
inflectional morphemes (Greenberg, 1966: 93). This reflects the conceptual distance
between the two elements. Since derivation is a morphological process of lexical
innovation, derivational morphemes are semantically closer to the stem words.
Therefore, relevant members tend to be used adjacently. This is the reason why
the first -Im in kes-im-im is understood as a derivational morpheme and the second
one as a person marker. Compare what happens when conceptually closer
members are pushed apart from each other by inserting another inflectional
morpheme between them: *kes-ler-im vs kes-im-ler. Clearly, inflection follows
derivation5 It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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10
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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as derivational morphemes are more firmly attached than inflectional
ones (Sapir, 1921: 127). But what if more than one inflectional morpheme are used
in a word? Do they combine in a predictable order too? Consider the inflections on
the following noun.