turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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• Speaker-based description<br />
• Acoustic description<br />
• Listener-based description<br />
Within each of the three types of description, there are a number of proces<strong>ses</strong><br />
invol<strong>ve</strong>d as shown below.<br />
Neuromuscular<br />
Neural comm<strong>and</strong>s are<br />
sent to muscles. As a<br />
result, muscles contract.<br />
speaker listener<br />
Aerodynamic<br />
Airflow through<br />
the vocal tract<br />
acoustic signal<br />
As seen abo<strong>ve</strong>, speaker-based description of sounds describes sounds in terms<br />
of the speaker. This in itself can be described in terms of the muscles invol<strong>ve</strong>d in<br />
speech production, the airflow through the vocal tract, <strong>and</strong> articulation (the<br />
mo<strong>ve</strong>ment of organs in the vocal tract).<br />
Acoustic description is concerned with the sound wa<strong>ve</strong>s that are transmitted in<br />
the air. Within acoustic description the acoustic properties of speech sounds such<br />
as the wa<strong>ve</strong>forms, duration, spectrographic representations of different sounds are<br />
described.<br />
Listener-based description invol<strong>ve</strong>s the reception of sound wa<strong>ve</strong>s in the ear,<br />
the neurons responsible for receiving these wa<strong>ve</strong>s, then translation of the ner<strong>ve</strong><br />
pul<strong>ses</strong> into linguistic message.<br />
The study of sounds is important because as mentioned abo<strong>ve</strong>, sounds are the<br />
reflection of language which is the knowledge in the mind. Within the scope of<br />
phonetics, sounds that ha<strong>ve</strong> meaning in speech are important. Sounds of laughter,<br />
pain, <strong>and</strong> excitement are not the focus of phonetics as the goal of phonetics is to<br />
arri<strong>ve</strong> at a physical description of speech sounds that are linguistically relevant.<br />
In this book, speaker-based description of speech sounds is gi<strong>ve</strong>n. In particular,<br />
sounds are described in terms of articulation – how speech sounds are produced.<br />
The details of articulatory description of consonants <strong>and</strong> vowels<br />
It is your<br />
will<br />
turn!<br />
be discussed<br />
in Unit 2.<br />
1 1<br />
Why do we study sounds?<br />
Production<br />
SOUND vs. LETTER<br />
Articulation<br />
mo<strong>ve</strong>ment of<br />
organs in the<br />
vocal tract<br />
Neuro - recepti<strong>ve</strong><br />
reception of sound<br />
wa<strong>ve</strong>s by the neurons<br />
in the ear<br />
Unit 1 - Why Study Sounds?<br />
Perception<br />
translation of ner<strong>ve</strong><br />
pul<strong>ses</strong> into linguistic<br />
message<br />
In this book, as is the tradition within linguistics, when referring to sounds, IPA<br />
It is your turn!<br />
(International Phonetic Alphabet) is used. The reasons IPA, rather than letters, is<br />
3<br />
used to represent sounds are two fold. One, letters are language specific. Each<br />
language may use different letters to represent the same sound. For example, the<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3<br />
initial sounds of the Turkish word flair <strong>and</strong> the English word It sheep is your are turn! similar. But<br />
It is your turn!<br />
the two languages represent these similar sounds by using different symbols 4 or 4<br />
7<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
2 2<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
5 5<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
6 6
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