turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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86<br />
Table 6.3<br />
Examples of<br />
Subordinati<strong>ve</strong><br />
Post<strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
Constructions<br />
Table 6.4<br />
Subordinati<strong>ve</strong><br />
Pre<strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
Constructions<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
lexical <strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
con<strong>ve</strong>rb of the<br />
lexical <strong>ve</strong>rb post <strong>ve</strong>rb compound<br />
yap- yapa- dur- yapaduryap-<br />
yap›p- dur- yap›p duröl-<br />
ölüp- git- ölüp gitgel-<br />
geli- <strong>ve</strong>r- geli<strong>ve</strong>r-<br />
In these compounds, the first <strong>ve</strong>rb is subordinated to the second, <strong>and</strong> the<br />
second <strong>ve</strong>rb is the modifier of the first. The dur- <strong>ve</strong>rbs express lasting actions. The<br />
git- <strong>ve</strong>rbs express actions carried out to completion. The <strong>ve</strong>r- <strong>ve</strong>rbs express actions<br />
done momentarily <strong>and</strong> easily.<br />
Subordinati<strong>ve</strong> constructions can also be made up of a con<strong>ve</strong>rb of a pre<strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
followed by a lexical <strong>ve</strong>rb as shown in Table 6.4.<br />
con<strong>ve</strong>rb of the<br />
pre<strong>ve</strong>rb pre<strong>ve</strong>rb lexical <strong>ve</strong>rb compound<br />
tut- tutup- sor- tutup sor-<br />
In these compounds too, the first <strong>ve</strong>rb is subordinated to the second. Howe<strong>ve</strong>r,<br />
this time the pre<strong>ve</strong>rb is the modifier of the lexical <strong>ve</strong>rb: sormak means ‘to ask’, but<br />
tutup sormak means ‘to ask unexpectedly’ (Csato, 2003: 107).<br />
Coordinati<strong>ve</strong> constructions consist of elements of equal status. That is, no <strong>ve</strong>rb<br />
is subordinated to another. Some examples of the abo<strong>ve</strong> gi<strong>ve</strong>n <strong>ve</strong>rbs used<br />
coordinati<strong>ve</strong>ly are a¤lad› durdu, unuttu gitti, tuttu sordu.<br />
Adjectival Compounds<br />
One type of adjectival compound includes nouns with the third person singular<br />
pos<strong>ses</strong>si<strong>ve</strong> marking followed by an adjecti<strong>ve</strong> as in gözü pek, baht› aç›k, aln› aç›k,<br />
karn› tok, s›rt› pek. Another type includes bare adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s followed by denominal<br />
adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s as in k›sa boylu, orta hararetli; or bare nouns followed by de<strong>ve</strong>rbal<br />
adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s as in vatanse<strong>ve</strong>r. Verb-adjecti<strong>ve</strong> compounds as in vurdumduymaz, can<br />
also be used to deri<strong>ve</strong> new meanings.<br />
Onomatopoeia<br />
Sounds of the nature inspire creation of new words in all languages called<br />
onomatopoeic words. These words are imitati<strong>ve</strong> of natural sounds, so they<br />
reflect the meanings that they represent. Verbs, adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s <strong>and</strong> ad<strong>ve</strong>rbs can be<br />
created from the so called noi<strong>ses</strong> of the nature by se<strong>ve</strong>ral word formation proces<strong>ses</strong><br />
such as affixation: h›r›ldamak, c›v›ldamak, fl›r›ldamak; compounding, ç›t k›r›ld›m,<br />
fl›p sevdi; <strong>and</strong> reduplication: h›r›l h›r›l, fl›r›l fl›r›l, c›v›l, c›v›l.<br />
Con<strong>ve</strong>rsion<br />
As another tool of word formation, con<strong>ve</strong>rsion allows a functional shift from one<br />
word class to another without any other addition or reduction in the word. Recall<br />
that derivational morphemes are used to change the word class of a free morpheme.<br />
Therefore, it can be thought that zero derivation marked with φ is invol<strong>ve</strong>d in this<br />
kind of word formation since the surface forms of the stem <strong>and</strong> the neologism are<br />
identical. Some examples of con<strong>ve</strong>rsion found in Turkish can be listed as ac›-
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