turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Summary
1. What is the classification of words in Turkish?
Classifying words is not a black-and-white issue, and it
is not always easy to account for the grey spots. This
difficulty in drawing clear-cut boundaries between
classes is acknowledged in the literature too resulting
in different approaches to word classification.
Generally, an eight-part-of-speech classification is
recognized and we adopt the one given below:
a. Suzan okulu [bit]irdi ve ö¤retmen [ol]du. VERB
b. [U¤ur] [araba]y› park etti. NOUN
c. [Yeni] ö¤retmen çok [iyi]. ADJECTIVE
d. [Genellikle] [çok] hareketlidirler. ADVERB
e. Annem [için] bu ifl buraya [kadar]. POSTPOSITION
f. Geldi [ve] hemen yatt›. CONJUNCTION
g. [Ben]i görmedi. PRONOUN
h. [Hiflflt] bebek uyuyor! INTERJECTION
2. What is the difference between prototypical and nonprototypical
membership?
How can you classify penguins? Are they birds or fish?
They can be classified as birds since they have wings,
but they can also be classified as fish as they can swim.
Penguins may be an example of peripheral
membership. They can neither be fully birds nor fish.
But a robin is considered to be a typical member bearing
all the necessary features of the category bird. Similarly,
in linguistic categorization too, there may be central
members of a word class as well as more peripheral
members overlaping between classes. Core members
are the prototypes or protptypical members of a
category, wheras peripheral members are the nonprotypes
or non-prototypical members of that category.
Unit 8 - Word Classes
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3. How are prototypes determined?
They are determined by considering the central features
of a category. In language, these features include
semantic and grammatical facts. There are tests to
determine the relevant features of a candidate for
membership for a particular category. They are of two
types: semantic and grammatical. Semantic criteria
define semantic composition of a member. Grammatical
criteria include morphological and distributional tests.
Morphological tests measure the inflectional and
derivational properties of a candidate. Distributional
tests reveal the combinatory possibilities of the
cadidates and the positions where they occur in a
sentence.
4. What is open classes and closed classes?
Not all words have the same semantic and functional
value. Open classes include nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs. These are also called content words. As
the label implies, they are rich in their content. That is,
they are words with lexicalized meanings. Closed
classes include function words such as pronouns,
conjunctions, postpositions, and interjections. These
words mark relationships between words, so they are
important in terms of their function. Open classes are
so called because they are open to new membership,
whereas closed classes are more restricted in this
respect.