turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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172<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
Predicate: The <strong>ve</strong>rb phrase of a sentence which excludes the<br />
subject as shown in brackets: çocuk [güldü], küçük çocuk<br />
[durmadan güldü], s›n›f›n yaramaz çocu¤u [derste durmadan<br />
güldü]. Predicates express the action carried by<br />
the subject, description of the subject, or what happened<br />
to the subject.<br />
Predicati<strong>ve</strong>: Associated with a <strong>ve</strong>rb phrase: a predicati<strong>ve</strong><br />
adjecti<strong>ve</strong> used in a <strong>ve</strong>rb phrase as in cocuk [yaramazd›],<br />
a predicati<strong>ve</strong> noun used in a <strong>ve</strong>rb phrase as in kardefli<br />
[doktordu].<br />
Prefix: An affix that is attached to the beginning of a stem:<br />
gayri- in gayrimeflru, anti- in antipropog<strong>and</strong>a, inter- in<br />
interdisipliner.<br />
Prescripti<strong>ve</strong> grammar: A grammar which prescribes or dictates<br />
how language should be used, <strong>and</strong> what the rules<br />
are.<br />
Presupposition trigger: A presupposition trigger is a linguistic<br />
item that activates presupposition in an utterance.<br />
Presupposition: A presupposition is background belief, relating<br />
to an utterance.<br />
Presupposition: Presupposition is the part of an utterance<br />
that is implicitly assumed to be true <strong>and</strong> taken for granted.<br />
(semantics unit)<br />
Principles: Similarities across human languages. For example,<br />
e<strong>ve</strong>ry human language has rules, <strong>and</strong> e<strong>ve</strong>ry language<br />
must obey structure. Thus, structure-dependency<br />
is a principle of Uni<strong>ve</strong>rsal Grammar. Principles can ne<strong>ve</strong>r<br />
be violated in any human language. (See also Embedding<br />
Principle).<br />
Pro: The null subject of a clause where the <strong>ve</strong>rb has person<br />
<strong>and</strong> number agreement, such as [pro okula gitti].<br />
Process: A <strong>ve</strong>rb that denotes an e<strong>ve</strong>nt that takes place in an<br />
extended period of time<br />
Pronoun: A word that can replace a noun: o, onu, onlar,<br />
onlar›, etc.<br />
Proposition: Proposition is the meaning of a statement that<br />
can be true or false.<br />
Prospecti<strong>ve</strong>: A type of aspectual meaning that links a present<br />
state to a future point: Art›k tatil planlar›na bafllayaca¤-›z<br />
(we ha<strong>ve</strong>n’t yet, but we will soon).<br />
Prototype: A typical member of a category or class. For example,<br />
serçe, but not akbaba or de<strong>ve</strong>kuflu, is considered to<br />
be typical by many people e<strong>ve</strong>n though all qualify as<br />
members of the category bird.<br />
R<br />
Reciprocal pronoun: A pronoun that is coreferential with<br />
the plural subject of a reciprocal <strong>ve</strong>rb: biribiri in birbirleriyle<br />
dövüfltüler.<br />
Reciprocal: A <strong>ve</strong>rbal category marked with the morpheme -<br />
(I)fl to show that more than one person acting as the<br />
subject of the <strong>ve</strong>rb are doing something to one another,<br />
or doing something collecti<strong>ve</strong>ly: dövüfltüler, üflüfltüler,<br />
çekifltiler.<br />
Recursion: The repetition of structures such as replacing one<br />
clause into another.<br />
Reduplication: A word formation through which new expressions<br />
are formed by repeating a syllable, a word, or e<strong>ve</strong>n<br />
a clause: bembeyaz, h›r›l h›r›l, aram›fl taram›fl.<br />
Reference point: The point in time from which e<strong>ve</strong>nts are<br />
viewed. Con<strong>ve</strong>ntionally, the moment of speech is taken<br />
as the reference point.<br />
Reference: The use of linguistic expressions such as pronouns<br />
to point out a previously mentioned entity or an<br />
entity within the situational context.<br />
Referent: The entity or the e<strong>ve</strong>nt that a NP or a Noun Clause<br />
refers to.<br />
Reflexi<strong>ve</strong> pronoun: A pronoun that is coreferential with the<br />
subject of a reflexi<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb: kendi in kendini y›kad›.<br />
Reflexi<strong>ve</strong>: A <strong>ve</strong>rbal category marked with the morpheme -<br />
(I)n to express action done to or for the subject by the<br />
subject: y›kanmak, sar›nmak, sürünmek.<br />
Relati<strong>ve</strong> clause: A clause that is used to modify the head of<br />
a Noun Phrase.<br />
Relati<strong>ve</strong> pronoun: A pronoun that is used to replace the<br />
head noun in a relati<strong>ve</strong> clause: ki in Ecem, ki asla yalan<br />
söylemez, olay›n böyle gerçekleflti¤ini söylüyor.<br />
Relativize: The process of turning an underlying clause into<br />
a relati<strong>ve</strong> clause.<br />
Restricti<strong>ve</strong> Relati<strong>ve</strong> clause: A clause that gi<strong>ve</strong>s information<br />
about the head noun <strong>and</strong> restricts its possible referent.<br />
Thus, the denotation of the noun is identifiable.<br />
Retrospecti<strong>ve</strong>: A type of aspectual meaning which links a<br />
present state to a past e<strong>ve</strong>nt: Cüzdan›m› unut-mufl-um (<br />
I cannot pay because I forgot to take my wallet).<br />
Re<strong>ve</strong>rsal: A process through which the meaning of a word is<br />
re<strong>ve</strong>rsed from positi<strong>ve</strong> to negati<strong>ve</strong> or vice <strong>ve</strong>rsa: felaket<br />
from “disaster” to “excellent”.<br />
Root: A free morpheme that bears neither a derivational nor<br />
an inflectional morpheme: sap, ben, bol, sa¤, sol.
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