turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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2 2 It is your turn! It is your turn! 3 3 112 It is your turn! Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi) It is your turn! 4 Table 7.3 Combinability of It Verbs is your in turn! the 3rd Person Singular 5 -DΙ -mΙfl 4 -(y)DI (past copula) It is your turn! geldiydi 5 gelmiflti -(y)mIfl (evidential copula) X gelmiflmifl -(Ι)yor geliyordu geliyormufl It is your turn! -(y)AcAK It is your turn! gelecekti gelecekmifl 6 -(Ι/A)r 6 gelirdi gelirmifl -sA gelseydi gelseymifl It is your turn! -A It is your turn! geleydi geleymifl 7 -mA1Ι 7 gelmeliydi gelmeliymifl It is your turn! Look at the following It is your turn! and make a generalization about the minimal conditions necessary to 8 generate grammatical 8 verbal stems in Turkish. *git-im *git-im-idi It is your turn! *git-idi-m It is your turn! *git-im-di 9 9 Let’s now have a closer look at the semantic features of these morphemes. It is your turn! -DI It is your turn! 10 1. -DI marks 10 definite past as a tense marker in the context of definite time adverbials. In sentences such as Dün eve döndük, ‹ki y›l önce tan›flt›k, Buraya It is your turn! geçen y›l geldik, It is your the turn! events that are expressed by the verbs took place anterior to 11 the reference 11 point. Therefore, they are characterized as past. 2. -DI has aspectual meanings, as well. Two of them are perfective and perfect It is your turn! 12 (Kornfilt, 1997: 340-355). Perfective aspect focuses on completedness, whereas It is your turn! perfect on the present result of a past situation. A sentence such as saçlar›m 12 ›sland› may be ambiguous between the two aspectual meanings. In a context such as saçlar›m ›sland› ama flimdi kurudu the event ‘to get wet’ is viewed as It is your turn! completed. It Therefore, is your turn! the aspectual meaning assigned to it is perfective. Compare 13 this with 13Saçlar›m ›sland› ve hala da ›slak. Now, the meaning foregrounds the current relevance, being wet, of the past situation, getting wet. Therefore, the aspect is interpreted as perfect. Similar examples are: (18) Gürkan ellerini y›kad›. implication: they are clean now, so he can eat. Gürkan Türkçe ödevini bitirdi. implication: it is ready now to be turned in. Pantolonuma çay döküldü. implication: it is wet now, so I have to change it. The perfect interpretation of -DI in (18) can be cancelled by providing additional contexts. Consider the following: (19) Gürkan önce ellerini y›kad› sonra da yüzünü. Gürkan Türkçe ödevini bitirdi ama daha di¤erleri var. Pantolonuma çay döküldü, bir de y›rt›ld›. -(y)sA (conditional copula) geldiyse gelmiflse geliyorsa gelecekse gelirse X X gelmeliyse
Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories The same morpheme in (19) is interpreted as perfective. In a context where a series of successive events are described, the focus in each of them will be on their completedness rather than their present result. When used with appropriate adverbials, -DI marks recent past: Ekmekler yeni/henüz geldi. Lack of time adverbial in this context may lead to different aspectual interpretations. The so called experiential perfect, as well, is grammaticalized by -DI. This type of aspect “indicates that a given situation has held at least once during some time in the past leading up to the present.” (Comrie, 1976: 58). This meaning is reinforced by indefinite time adverbials such as hiç, hayat›nda, ömründe. Some examples are ömrümde et yemedim, hiç 50 kilo olmad›m, bir kere bile yalan söylemedim. In each of these examples, the speaker makes a remark about whether or not the situation described, i.e. eating meat, weighing 50kgs, lying, has ever held in his/her personal experience. It is important to note that the aspectual meanings of the morpheme -DI do not exclude its past meaning. All of the verbs above have past reference with respect to time. 3. In terms of its epistemic modality, -DI signals direct evidence on the part of the speaker about the actuality of the event. Therefore, there is no less than 100% certainty in the meaning expressed. Since the events are directly witnessed by the speaker, they are factive. For example, in gitti ‘he left’, the speaker’s choice of - DI among other morphemes signals an embedded meaning of ‘I know’. So, a better translation would be ‘he left for sure’ or ‘I am sure he left.’ The function of direct evidence or direct experience is a good linguistic motivation to use -DI in narratives: stories or accounts of events. For example, “... Ben iflte böyle korkudan titrerken birden omuzuma bir el dokundu. Döndüm. Babamd›.” Although they may not have been experienced by the speaker, historical facts are expressed by -DI as well. School children always recite sentences like Atatürk 1881’de do¤du, 1938’de öldü without witnessing these events. The reason is that historical events are conventional and known to everybody. So, having personal experience is irrelevant in this context. 4. In copular sentences 1 , past is expressed by -(y)DI instead of -DI: doktordu, hastayd›, aç›ktt›, karayd›, babamd›. Sometimes, both -(y)DI and -DI are used with present or future reference to denote politeness. Zaman›n›z var m›yd›? is more polite than Zaman›n›z var m›? Similarly, Birkaç soru sormak istedim is more polite than birkaç soru sormak istiyorum. In terms of epistemic modality, -(y)DI marks uncertainty with present reference. Observe the difference between Senin ad›n Ecem mi?, a pure question used to seek information, and Senin ad›n Ecem miydi? a question used to check memory retention. The underlying meanings for each are I don’t know, so tell me, and I forgot, so remind me respectively. Here are more examples to show this contrast: 113
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T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YA
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Contents Why Study Sounds?.........
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Grammatical Categories ............
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Kitapla ilgili olarak eminim hepini
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Why Study Sounds? INTRODUCTION Lang
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[s] /s/ [z] [´z] The differences i
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• Speaker-based description • A
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Summary It is through the use of la
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“ Turkish Alive Examine the follo
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Key to “It is your turn!” It is
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Turkish Consonants INTRODUCTION Why
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants The dif
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants Places
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Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants produce
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s h l tS R d Unit 2 - Turkish Conso
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The necessary condition for /n/ bec
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Summary The production of consonant
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Turkish Alive Transcribe the conson
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3TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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34 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
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It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
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38 Figure 3.4 English Vowels Turkis
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42 Summary Turkish Phonology and Mo
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44 Turkish Alive Turkish Phonology
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4TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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56 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
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Page 67 and 68: Morphology: The Wordland INTRODUCTI
Page 69 and 70: When you compare the syllable and m
Page 71 and 72: Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland a
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Page 75 and 76: (6) a. kitap b. kitap-l›k c. kita
Page 77 and 78: The Morpheme Marking Definite Past
Page 79 and 80: Self-test 1. Which one of the follo
Page 81 and 82: Adal›, O. (1979). Türkiye Türk
Page 83 and 84: Evidently, the morpheme /-AlA/ has
Page 85 and 86: Word-Formation Processes INTRODUCTI
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Page 93 and 94: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes (
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Page 97 and 98: Summary In this chapter we have loo
Page 99 and 100: Turkish Alive Read the article by C
Page 101 and 102: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 103 and 104: Grammatical Categories INTRODUCTION
Page 105 and 106: Non-Plural Functions of -lAr Unit 7
Page 107 and 108: (1) a. Serhat’› kurtard›lar.
Page 109 and 110: We know that proper nouns and prono
Page 111 and 112: The Locative Case -DA The locative
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Page 117: Do we always talk about facts? Past
Page 121 and 122: -mIfl has another evidential functi
Page 123 and 124: TIME LINE X G ü n e fl d o ¤ u d
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Page 127 and 128: of appropriate adverbials: Sak›n
Page 129 and 130: Restrictions on Impersonal Passives
Page 131 and 132: In (33a) there are two participants
Page 133 and 134: Summary 1. How many different categ
Page 135 and 136: “ Turkish Alive “(1) Türk yön
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Page 140 and 141: 8TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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Page 164 and 165: 158 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
Page 166 and 167: 160 References & Bibliography Turki
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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164 Unit 5 Turkish Phonology and Mo
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166 Turkish Phonology and Morpholog
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174 V Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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176 T Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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