turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

It is your turn!
It is your turn!
6 6
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
154 7
Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
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nominative accusative dative locative ablative genitive
singular
1st ben beni bana bende benden benim
2nd sen seni sana sende senden senin
3rd o onu ona onda ondan onun
plural
1st biz bizi bize bizde bizden bizim
2nd siz sizi size sizde sizden sizin
3rd Table 8.3
It Personal is your turn! Pronouns
It is your turn!
8 8
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
9 9
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
10
10 onlar onlar› onlara onlarda onlardan onlar›n
It is your turn!
Can you make It is your tables turn! showing the declensions of reflexive, reciprocal, possessive,
11 demonstrative, 11 and interrogative pronouns?
Conjunctions
It is your turn!
Conjunctions It is are your turn! of two types: coordinating and subordinating. In this section, the
12 focus will 12 be on coordination as subordination will be dealt with in Unit 12.
Coordinating conjunctions are the words that are used to mark coordination
It is your turn!
between words, It is your turn!
phrases, and clauses. There are three major coordinators: ve,
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veya, ancak.
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More recently, though, the noun art› has been added to this list. It
has, in informal Turkish, taken on a coordinative function to the extent that it can
now freely replace ve. Ve, as well as its new alternate art›, has an additive function
which can also be expressed by ile and de: çocuk ve annesi, çocuk ile annesi,
annesi de, çocuk art› annesi, art› annesi. Ve also marks the order of events when
used to combine predicates: kalkt› ve lambay› södürdü means s/he first got up and
then turned off the light. Sometimes, relations other than coordination may be
implied by ve as in cüzdan› çal›nd› ve tepesi att›. The implication is that tepesi att›
is the consequence of cüzdan› çal›nd›. But this meaning cannot be ascribed to
only ve since it can be conveyed in the absance of it by juxtaposition as well:
cüzdan› çal›nd›, tepesi att›. Veya offers alternatives, and ancak marks contrastive
relations.
Before we discuss the semantics of how coordination works, it is important to
note that Turkish allows simple juxtaposition of words, phrases and clauses to
signal coordination:
(21)
a. Elma, portakal ald›k.
b. Bodrum’da bir yazl›k, Ankara’da bir k›fll›k ald›k.
c. Nefle odaya girdi, elektrikler söndü.
The coordinated constructions in (21) are simply put one after the other without
any explicit marking of coordination. But semantically they are interpreted as
though and were there (Lewis, 1967: 206). Juxtaposition may also be used to
intensify the meaning: yürüdü, yürüdü, yürüdü.
But what are prototypical features of explicit coordinators? There are two types
of logical relation in coordination: conjunction and disjunction. (Tarski, 1994).
The former is marked by ve the latter by veya
(22)
a. Aya¤a kalkt› ve soru bombard›man›na bafllad›.
b. Evde yoklar veya duymad›lar.