turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

(5)
a. [Büyükler] geldi. adjective
b. [‹leriye] git biraz! adverb
c. Senin [gibilere] güven olmaz. postposition
Verbs are used as nouns as well. Through a process called nominalization,
verbs can be subordinated. The resulting clauses in turn are used in positions that
are characteristically filled by subject and object noun phrases as illustrated by the
bracketed parts in (6).
(6)
a. [Onun birinci oldu¤]unu herkes biliyor.
b. [Birinci olmak] bir hayaldi.
c. [Onun s›navda birinci olmas›] sürpriz bir sonuçtu.
But which of these noun types is the most prototypical? Let’s apply our tests for
nounhood. The members that pass both the semantic and grammatical tests would
be categorized as the most central members, whereas the others as peripheral
since they can be used as nouns only when certain conditions are met.
Criteria for Nounhood
Unit 8 - Word Classes
Semantic Criteria
The most central members of nouns denote persons or concrete objects. In terms
of function, they head noun phrases which characteristically function as the subject
or object in a sentence.
Morphological Criteria
As far as the inflectional properties are concerned, prototypical nouns enter into
inflectional contrasts of number, singular vs plural; and case nominative vs
accusative, dative, locative, ablative, and genitive.
In terms of derivational morphology nouns are most productively derived by
morphemes such as -CA¤Iz and -CI from nouns, -lIk from nouns and adjectives;
and -(y)AcAK, -ç, -DIK, -gA, -gAn, -GI, -(y)IcI, -(y)Ifl, -mA, -mAcA, -mAk, -mIfl, -
(I/A)r, from verbs. Some examples include çocukca¤›z, simitçi, eflitlik, yiyecek,
gönenç, tan›d›k, bilge, ergen, sayg›, sürücü, ç›k›fl, sarma, gülmece, yüzmek, dolmufl,
yazar. It should be noted that some derivations display semantic fusion where
the stem and the suffix melt in each other so much that we do not even consider
the derived word as consisting of two distinct morphemes. For example, try to see
the difference between yüzmek and çakmak. The former is simply a deverbal
noun, that is a noun derived from a verb. It somewhat maintains its verbal features
in that we interpret it as the act of swimming. We remain conscious about the fact
that this word it composed of two morphemes. The latter, however, exibits semantic
fusion. The derived form does not in any way remind the verbal features of the
stem. That is, we do not think of it as the act of sparking, but rather an instrument
by which we light something. Other examples of semantic fusion are dolmufl,
k›yma, döner, dikifl, tokmak, yaflmak, giyecek.
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