turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Summary
The production of consonants involves either complete
or partial obstruction. Where this obstruction is realized
refers to the place of articulation. The nature of the
obstruction refers to manner of articulation. Whether
there is vocal cord vibration or not distinguishes voiced
consonants from voiceless consonants. Thus, the
description of consonants must include voicing
(presence/absence of vocal cord vibration), place of
articulation (where in the vocal tract the consonant is
produced), and manner of articulation (how the
consonant is produced). Voicing distinguishes two
sounds that are formed at the same place in the same
manner. For example, both [t] and [d] are alveolar stops
differing only in their voicing. Voiced consonants in
Turkish are [b], [d], [g], [z], [Z], [m], [n], [R], [V], [j], [l], [dZ].
Voiceless consonants are [p], [t], [k], [f], [s], [S], [h], [tS].
Consonants may be realized differently in different
environments. The different realizations of a sound are
the allophones of the same phoneme. Some Turkish
consonants have different realizations in different
environments. The phonemes which have different
allophones in Turkish are /k/, /g/, /n/, /R/, /V/, and /l/.
Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants
27