turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
veyed by the lexical make-up of the verb as in z›pla-
(punctual) as opposed to yefler- (process). It can also be
conveyed by grammatical markers as in otur-du (perfective
conveyed by -DI), otur-uyor (imperfective conveyed
by -(I)yor). Aspect is non-deictic.
Assimilation: One sound acquiring some property or properties
of the neighboring sound.
Attributive adjective: An adjective that modifies a noun in a
noun phrase: kolay in kolay ifl, or dikkatli in dikkatli
sürücü.
B
Backformation: A word formation process through which a
morphologically simple word is formed from a more
complex one: iletifl-< iletiflim.
Backness harmony: Vowels within a word agreeing in backness.
Backness: Position of the highest tongue body in the vocal
tract.
Bilabial: Sound produced with two lips.
Binary antonym: Binary antonyms are terms that have opposite
meanings at two distinct points. There is no grading
in between.
Binary branching tree: A tree diagram that has two branches
at each node.
Blending: A word formation process that combines parts of
two words to from a single word with a new meaning:
Avrasya from Avrupa and Asya.
Borrowing: A process through which words in one language
are taken and used in another language, and a word
obtained in this way: eflya from Arabic, amaç from
Persian, mant› from Chinese, bravo from Italian, enstrüman
from French.
Bound morpheme: A morpheme that cannot stand by itself.
Affixes are bound morphemes: -GAç in süzgeç or k›skaç,
-DIK and -(I)m in sevdi¤im, -na in natamam.
Bracketing: A way of representing the information found in
a tree diagram by using brackets. For instance, [S [NP k›z
kardeflim] [VP çok kitap okur]] is an example of bracketing.
Broadening: A widening seen on a word to have a larger
semantic field: alan now referring to a “research field” in
addition to its earlier meaning referring to an “area of
land” only.
C
Calque: See loan translation.
Case assigner: A word, usually a verb, an adjective, or a
postposition, that assigns a grammatical role to another
word by case markers. For example, the verb hofllanmak
the adjective uzak and the postposition beri are all
ablative case assigners: senden hoflland›m, gözden uzak,
y›llardan beri.
Case: A grammatical category associated with nouns that
marks their grammatical relationship to other elements
in a sentence: nominative: kufl, accusative: kuflu, dative:
kufla, locative: kuflta, ablative: kufltan, genitive: kuflun.
Cataphora: The act of referring to an entity that follows the
pronoun.
Causative: A verb which indicates a condition which is caused
by someone or something: öldürmek is causative since
it implies a causer, but ölmek is not in the absence of a
causer.
Clause: A grammatical unit with subject and predicate structure
(NP VP).
Clipping: A process through which words are shortened:
kuru for kuru fasulye, or kondu for gecekondu.
Closed class: A group of morphemes whose class membership
is relatively limited and that does not readily allow
new members: affixes, conjunctions, pronouns, etc.
Coherence: The devices used to make a text the meaningful
and unified.
Cohesion: The linguistic devices that are used to link sentences
in a discourse.
Coinage: A word formation process through which a new
word is made up without using any of the familiar methods
of word formation.
Collocation: A sequence of two or more words that co-occur
Competence: Abstract and unconscious knowledge of the
rules of one’s native language (see also performance).
Complement: A part of a phrase that completes the meaning
of a head. For example, objects in verb phrases are complements.
A complement is the obligatory element, i.e. it
cannot be omitted.
Complementary distribution: A pattern of distribution
which does not allow two or more sound/morphemes
to occur in the same position. For example, -ler does not
occur in the environment where -lar occurs or vice versa:
tafllar, but not *tafller.
Compounding: A word formation process through which
two free morphemes are combined to form a single word
with a new meaning: demirperde, kuflkonmaz, akbaba.