turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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white arrow. This takes us to the next question: Can it st<strong>and</strong> alone? The answer to<br />
this one is NO, so we follow the black arrow. This means that -lIk is a bound<br />
morpheme. It does not change the category of the stem because insan is a noun<br />
with or without -lIk. But it changes the meaning of the stem. ‹nsan ‘human’ refers<br />
to a human being, but insanl›k ‘humanity’ is an abstract noun that refers to a the<br />
condition of being a human being or the recognition of this status. Finally, it is<br />
placed after the stem, so it is a DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX. It is derivational because<br />
it changes the meaning of the stem. It is a suffix because it is a bound morpheme<br />
<strong>and</strong> it is placed after the stem. You can do the same to disco<strong>ve</strong>r the type of any<br />
morpheme you need to analyze <strong>and</strong> identify.<br />
Does it change meaning,<br />
lexical category or both?<br />
Is it placed<br />
after the<br />
stem?<br />
INFLECTIONAL<br />
SUFFIX<br />
MORPHEME<br />
YES NO<br />
START<br />
Is it an<br />
indivisible element?<br />
BOUND Can it st<strong>and</strong> alone? FREE<br />
DERIVATIONAL INFIX<br />
Is it placed within the<br />
stem?<br />
Is it placed after the stem?<br />
DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX<br />
Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordl<strong>and</strong><br />
FLOWCHART TO DISCOVER TYPES OF MORPHEMES<br />
Is it placed<br />
before the<br />
stem?<br />
DERIVATIONAL<br />
PREFIX<br />
Another test to distinguish whether a morpheme is derivational or inflectional.<br />
is to consider the use of the infiniti<strong>ve</strong> marker -mAk. The claim is that whate<strong>ve</strong>r<br />
precedes the infiniti<strong>ve</strong> suffix -mAk should be considered as the stem, <strong>and</strong> therefore<br />
anything in it as derivational. What follows that stem is claimed to be inflectional.<br />
To illustrate: for koflufl-tur-du, the infiniti<strong>ve</strong> form is kofl-ufl-tur-mak. What precedes<br />
-mAk is kofl-ufl-tur, so suffixes in it should be derivational. Another piece of<br />
evidence for their derivational nature is that they are not used producti<strong>ve</strong>ly. That<br />
is, unlike the obligatory inflectional categories such as tense <strong>and</strong> person, these<br />
voice morphemes are optionally marked on <strong>ve</strong>rbal stems. Therefore, they are<br />
considered to be more like derivational than inflectional.<br />
Figure 5.1<br />
Does it ha<strong>ve</strong> a lexical<br />
meaning?<br />
Does it ha<strong>ve</strong> a<br />
function?<br />
FUNCTIONAL<br />
ROOT<br />
Is it attached<br />
other<br />
morphemes?<br />
LEXICAL<br />
ROOT<br />
LEXICAL<br />
STEM<br />
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