turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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of appropriate ad<strong>ve</strong>rbials: Sak›n ona söyleme!, Asla bir daha taksiye binme!, Hele<br />
yalan hiç söyleme!<br />
Make table which displays the temporal, aspectual, <strong>and</strong> modal meanings It is your marked turn! in Turkish.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
14 14<br />
Voice<br />
Voice is another grammatical category which is marked on <strong>ve</strong>rbs. It signifies the<br />
nature of the participation of a participant in the process, e<strong>ve</strong>nt or action 15 described<br />
by the <strong>ve</strong>rb. There are three types of participants: the subject (the first participant),<br />
the direct object (the second participant), <strong>and</strong> the indirect It is your object turn! (the third<br />
15<br />
participant). Subjects are typically agents, direct objects represent the affected 1 party<br />
of the action, <strong>and</strong> indirect objects represent the entity that recei<strong>ve</strong>s the direct object.<br />
By looking at the voice <strong>morphology</strong> of a <strong>ve</strong>rb we can answer the It is following your turn! questions:<br />
1<br />
Is it important to identify the first participant? (acti<strong>ve</strong>)<br />
Is it more important to express the second participant? (pasi<strong>ve</strong>)<br />
2 2<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Are the first <strong>and</strong> second participants identical? (reflexi<strong>ve</strong>)<br />
Is the first participant a single subject or a group of subjects doing something<br />
3<br />
together, or to one another? (reciprocal)<br />
Are there intermediaries that perform the <strong>ve</strong>rb for the subject? It is (causati<strong>ve</strong>)<br />
your turn!<br />
3<br />
4<br />
The voice <strong>morphology</strong> used to encode this kind of information in Turkish can<br />
4<br />
be shown as: acti<strong>ve</strong> döv, the passi<strong>ve</strong> döv-ül, the reflexi<strong>ve</strong> döv-ün, It is your turn! the reciprocal<br />
döv-üfl, <strong>and</strong> the causati<strong>ve</strong> döv-dür.<br />
5 5<br />
Acti<strong>ve</strong><br />
It is your turn!<br />
All the <strong>ve</strong>rbs that are not marked for voice, <strong>and</strong> that require a subject are categorized<br />
as acti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rbs. They can be transiti<strong>ve</strong> iç- or intransiti<strong>ve</strong> uyu-. 6 6<br />
(26) a. Tam befl bardak su içtim.<br />
b. Bebek uyuyor.<br />
Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories<br />
The acti<strong>ve</strong> voice used in (26a, b) does not carry voice <strong>morphology</strong>, <strong>and</strong> indicates<br />
that the subjects are the performers of the <strong>ve</strong>rbs.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
8 8<br />
Passi<strong>ve</strong> -Il or -(I)n<br />
Passi<strong>ve</strong> in Turkish is formed by attaching the morpheme -Il It is to your <strong>ve</strong>rbs turn! ending in<br />
It is your turn!<br />
consonants except /l/, <strong>and</strong> its alternate -(I)n to the <strong>ve</strong>rbs ending in /l/ or 9 a vowel:<br />
yar- vs yar-›l; sat- vs sat-›l; sev- vs sev-il; but, kal- vs kal-›n, al- vs al-›n, <strong>and</strong> ata-<br />
9<br />
vs ata-n, tara- vs tara-n. Notice that the vowel in -(I)n is deleted in the environment<br />
It is your turn!<br />
of a syllable final stem vowel.<br />
10<br />
Passivization is a process of supressing the subject. In this process an acti<strong>ve</strong><br />
It is your turn!<br />
10<br />
transiti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb with a direct object, becomes a passi<strong>ve</strong> intransiti<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rb with a<br />
It is your turn!<br />
subject only. Therefore, passi<strong>ve</strong> <strong>morphology</strong> is said to decrease the valency of a<br />
It is your turn!<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rb. By valency we refer to the argument structure of a <strong>ve</strong>rb; namely the 11 number<br />
of noun phra<strong>ses</strong> of that <strong>ve</strong>rb. For example, in Aslan kükredi, the <strong>ve</strong>rb kükre has<br />
11<br />
only one argument: aslan; whereas in Aslan av›n› yakalad›, It is your yakala- turn! has two<br />
It is your turn!<br />
arguments: aslan <strong>and</strong> av.<br />
12 12<br />
Compare the acti<strong>ve</strong> sentence Suzan cam› k›rd› <strong>and</strong> its passi<strong>ve</strong> <strong>ve</strong>rsion Cam<br />
k›r›ld›. How is the passi<strong>ve</strong> form generated? Can we say the passi<strong>ve</strong> morpheme -Il<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
13 13<br />
121<br />
It is your turn! It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
7 7
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