turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
In (17a, b) third person plural person agreement -lAr is used for second 4 <strong>and</strong><br />
third person singular -sin <strong>and</strong> ø respecti<strong>ve</strong>ly. These forms are used as a sign of<br />
4<br />
respect. It is also possible to use third person singular -ø to refer to first person<br />
It is your turn!<br />
singular as seen in (17c). This is the style often adopted by writers to refer to<br />
5<br />
themsel<strong>ve</strong>s in formal written language. The second person plural siz for the<br />
second person singular sen shown in (17d) is a widely used politeness pattern.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
5<br />
Con<strong>ve</strong>rsely, the first person plural for the first person singular<br />
It<br />
ben<br />
is your<br />
signals<br />
turn!<br />
modesty:<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Biz öyle gördük, Boynumuz k›ldan ince, Bugün nas›l›z? (Lewis, 1967: 247). 6 6<br />
I. Why is Say›n Vali aç›l›fl› eflleriyle birlikte sereflendirdiler ambiguous?<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
II. Look at the following data <strong>and</strong> try to specify the morpheme order in nominals 7in Turkish. 7<br />
sokak sokaklar sokaklar› annemler<br />
sokakta sokaklarda sokaklar›nda It is your annemlerde<br />
turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
soka¤›<br />
sokaktan<br />
sokaklar›<br />
sokaklardan<br />
sokaklar›n›<br />
sokaklar›ndan<br />
annemleri<br />
8<br />
annemlerden<br />
8<br />
soka¤›n<br />
soka¤a<br />
sokaklar›n<br />
sokaklara<br />
sokaklar›<br />
sokaklar›na<br />
anemlerin<br />
It is your turn!<br />
annemlere<br />
9<br />
It is your turn!<br />
9<br />
Verbal Categories<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
2 2<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3 3<br />
Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories<br />
109<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Negation<br />
10<br />
St<strong>and</strong>art negation is marked on the <strong>ve</strong>rb using the negati<strong>ve</strong> morpheme -mA as in<br />
gelmedi. The alternati<strong>ve</strong> negati<strong>ve</strong> marker de¤il is used with adjectival It is your turn! <strong>and</strong> nominal<br />
predicates as in Olcay mutlu de¤il, Olcay ö¤retmen de¤il. It can also occur with a<br />
preceding clause, but this type of use is more marked since it is restricted to -mIfl,<br />
-(I)yor, <strong>and</strong> -(y)AcAK clau<strong>ses</strong> only: gelmifl de¤ilsin, geliyor de¤ilsin, gelecek de¤ilsin,<br />
It is your turn!<br />
but *geldi de¤ilsin, *gelir de¤ilsin, *gelmeli de¤ilsin. Notice that the person agreement<br />
marker is obligatorily used with de¤il in these sentences to avoid otherwise<br />
ungrammatical forms: *geliyorsun de¤il, *geleceksin de¤il, *gelmiflsin de¤il. Howe<strong>ve</strong>r,<br />
this constraint becomes optional when de¤il is used with a preceding It is your turn! clause negated<br />
with -mA. Double negati<strong>ve</strong>s formed in this way allow both person marked preceding<br />
clau<strong>ses</strong> as in gelmeyeceksin de¤il <strong>and</strong>/or person marked de¤il as in gelmeyecek<br />
de¤ilsin. Double negati<strong>ve</strong>s with de¤il also allow the past <strong>and</strong> present tense markers<br />
in their preceding clau<strong>ses</strong>: gelmedi de¤ilsin, gelmez de¤ilsin as well as gelmedin<br />
de¤il, gelmezsin de¤il (Erguvanl›-Taylan, 1986: 159-177).<br />
It is also possible to con<strong>ve</strong>y negati<strong>ve</strong> meaning with derivational markers as in<br />
Olcay mutsuz. Negati<strong>ve</strong> derivational markers create contradictory meanings that<br />
are mutually exclusi<strong>ve</strong>. This kind of negation is not <strong>ve</strong>rbal since the use of it is<br />
restricted to non-<strong>ve</strong>rbal categories.<br />
Tense, Aspect, Mood (TAM)<br />
Tense <strong>and</strong> aspect communicate information about time. In order to underst<strong>and</strong> the<br />
meaning of a noun, we do not ha<strong>ve</strong> to consider time, but messages con<strong>ve</strong>yed by<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbs are understood based on various information about time. This information<br />
can be hidden in the lexical meaning of a <strong>ve</strong>rb. For example, some <strong>ve</strong>rbs inherently<br />
do not last long, i. e. s›çra-, k›r-, hapfl›r-, but some do, i. e. oku- yüz- uyu-. Some<br />
<strong>ve</strong>rbs focus on the beginning or the finishing of an e<strong>ve</strong>nt, i. e. baflla-, bit-, son <strong>ve</strong>r,<br />
some on the ongoing nature of it, i. e. sür-, ol-, dur-, yet, some others emphasize<br />
a change in state of affairs, i. e. büyü-, so¤u-, yefler-. This type of intrinsic information<br />
It is your turn!<br />
10<br />
It is your turn!<br />
11 11<br />
It is your turn!<br />
12 12<br />
It is your turn!<br />
13 13
Change language