turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

orta flekerli, inan›lmaz zor, daha aç›k, en sa¤lam. The configuration for this test is
Degree Adv. ___.
It is important to note that morphological and distributional tests for objecthood
may not be realiable. As we shall see shortly, they work for testing adverbhood as
well.
Adverbs
Adverbs are just like adjectives in that they can be described as the cream of a
cake. The difference is that they modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
Without an adverb, a verb may look naked, but it retains its verb status. Therefore,
like adjectives, adverbs are optional elements too (see Unit 11 for exceptions).
They add a descriptive value to whatever they modify. It is important to note the
difference between an adverb and an adverbial. Adverb is the grammatically
distinct word class used only as modifiers of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Adverbials, on the other hand, are words that function as adverbs. Adverbials
include adveibs as well. In çabucak ayr›ld›, çabucak is an adverb, but in dün
ayr›ld›, dün is an adverbial because it is in fact a noun functioning as time adverbial.
But yaz›n, k›fl›n, gündüzün are adverbs that are solely used to describe the time
of the verb (see Unit 11 for more).
In terms of their formal structure adverbs are of two type. Bare adverbs consist
of a single word. Majority of them denote manner and time: asla, art›k, daha.
Derived adverbs are formed with derivational morphemes from nouns and verbs.
Morphemes such as -lEyIn (geceleyin), -In (ilkin), -CA (bence, delice, insanca), -
DAn (akflamdan), -lA (hayretle), -cAk (çabucak), -cAcIk (çabucac›k), -sIzIn
(ans›z›n) derive adverbs from nouns and adjectives. Morphemes such as -(y)A, -
(y)Ip, -(y)ArAk, -(y)IncA, -(y)AlI derive adverbs from verbs as in abarta abarta,
kap›y› çarp›p, kap›y› çarparak, kap›y› çarp›nca, buraya geleli. There are also
morphemes that can attach to nominalized and adjectivalized verbs to form adverbs.
Some examples are bakmaks›z›n (-mAksIzIn), dönmesiyle (-mAsIylA), a¤lad›kça
(-DIkçA).
Reduplication is another way of marking adverbial meanings in Turkish: a¤›r
a¤›r, derin derin, mavi mavi, buram buram, damla damla (see Unit 6 for more).
Criteria for Adverbhood
Unit 8 - Word Classes
Semantic Criteria
Adverbs characteristically modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs in terms of
time, place, direction, quality, manner, and degree. Core members express manner
or degree, less central members express time and place (Huddleston, 1988: 120).
Morphological Criteria
Adverbs lack inflectional morphology. Like adjectives they enter into comparative
and superlative contrasts, but they do so not by inflectional morphology, but by
juxtaposition of degree adverbs such as daha and en.
Derivational morphology deriving adverbs is more productively applied. Many
adverbs, particulary manner adverbs, are derived from adjectives or nouns by the
derivational suffix -CA: h›zl›ca, güzelce, askerce, çocukça. But it is neither a
necessary nor a sufficient condition for adverb status. For example, reduplicated
149