turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Rounding harmony: Vowels within a word agreeing in
rounding as well as backness.
Rounding: Lip position in vowel production.
S
Schema (sing); Schemata (pl): The background knowledge
that is necessary to understand a discourse.
Semalfactive: The type of aspectual meaning which implies
a one-cycle/one-time event: öksürmek, varmak (also see
Iterative to compare).
Semantic change: A process in which a word’s meaning has
changed through broadening, narrowing, semantic elevation
or semantic degradation.
Semantic degradation: A change in meaning from positive to
negative: felaket meaning “excellent” besides “disaster”.
Semantic elevation: A change in meaning from negative to
positive: çocuk now meaning “child” but once meaning
“piglet”.
Sister: The branches in a tree diagram of the same node.
Sisters are at the equal level in a tree diagram. Sisters are
always in a special relationship, such as modifier-head;
complement- head relationship.
Sound: Air coming out of the lungs.
Speech act: A speech act is an utterance that serves a function
in communication such as an apology, warning or
congratulations.
State: A verb which denotes a condition under no change or
very slow change. Such verbs are non-dynamic and longlasting:
sahip olmak, bilmek, inanmak, içermek, farkl›
olmak, sevmek, istemek.
Stem: A morpheme that bears a derivational or an inflectional
morpheme: sap in sapla, bol in bolluk, sa¤ in sa¤a, sol
in soldan.
Stop: Sound produced with total obstruction in the oral tract
and raised velum.
Subject complement: A phrase in the predicate of a copular
verb that completes the meaning of the subject. For
example, Ali [doktor oldu], where doktor completes the
subject and it has the same denotation with it.
Subordinate clause: Any clause that cannot stand alone and
that must be embedded under a main clause.
Substitution: The use of linguistics expressions that can take
place of another linguistic expression.
Suffix: An affix that is attached to the end of a stem: -mAlI in
gelmeli, -ArAk in gelerek, -mA and -(y)AcAK in gelmeyecek.
Surface realization: How a sound surfaces in speech.
Glossary
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Syntax: The subfield of linguistics that investigates the sentence
structure.
Systematic regularity: Property that is predictable.
T
Tense: A grammatical category that is marked on verbs. It is
indicated by verbal suffixes. It describes the meaning
expressed by the verb in terms of time such as past or
non-past. For example, Dünya güneflin etraf›nda dön-er
is non-past, but adam›n bafl› dön-er ve düfl-er taken from
a narrative is past. Tense is deictic.
Text: A written discourse
Transitive verb: Any verb that takes a direct object.
Tree diagram: A representation of internal structure of sentences.
In tree diagrams, linguists use branches that show
the constituent structure. The following is an example of
a tree diagram:
Turn-taking: The manner and order in which the roles of the
speaker and the listener interchange.
U
Ultimate constituent: The smallest constituents of a syntactic
unit.
Unaccusative: A type of impersonal passive made from intransitive
verbs that denote involuntary acts: tak›lmak,
bo¤ulmak, batmak, düflmek.
Underlying representation: Representation at the phonological
component of grammar; what is the in the mind.
Underlying sentence: The level of sentence structure which
shows the basic form from which a syntactic unit is
derived. For example, the underlying sentence of the
relative clause dün ald›¤›m çiçek is dün çiçek ald›m.
Unergative: A type of impersonal passive made from intransitive
verbs that denote volitional acts: kaçmak, koflmak,
oynamak.
Universal grammar: A grammar which tries to explain the
rules that underlie every human language. (See also principles
and parameters). It also refers to the genetically
endowed information that consists of principles and
parameters that enable the child to deduce a grammar
from the input s/he receives.
Unmarked: An item which is more basic, more frequent and
therefore more salient. For example, singular is less
marked than plural since the latter is more complex as it
is formed based on the former by adding an extra morpheme.