turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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48 Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi) combination word-finally in Turkish as in the words such as ‘renk’, ‘denk’, ‘künk’. (IV) and (V) cannot be Turkish words because both have non-permissible combinations. The word in (IV) has two consonants together without an intervening vowel (called consonant cluster) in word-initial position which Turkish does not allow. Turkish has borrowed words such as ‘spor’ which appears to have a consonant cluster in word-initial position but it is not realized as such in actual utterances. ‘Spor’ is pronounced as two syllables with a vowel in between the two consonants, ‘s›-por’, thus not breaking the rules of Turkish. (V) also has a consonant cluster in syllable-initial position. Based on our intuitions about Turkish syllable structure, ‘arktrat’ can be broken down either as ‘ar-ktrat’ or as ‘ark-trat’. In the first case, there are three consonants together in syllable initial position. In the second case, there are consonant clusters both in syllable-final and syllable-initial positions. Syllable-final ‘-rk’ sequence is permissible as it occurs in words such as ‘Türk’, ‘fark’, ‘kork’. Syllable initial consonant clusters however are not allowed in Turkish no matter what the consonant combination may be. Any native speaker of Turkish would also agree that (I), (II), and (III) could be Turkish words but (IV) and (V) could not be acceptable Turkish words although they may not be able to state the reasons. That is because native speakers of a language acquire the rules of that language – they know what is permissible and what is not. Thus, Turkish speakers know that Turkish does not allow syllableinitial consonant clusters and although syllable-final clusters are permissible, the combination of consonants that can occur is limited. This may not be an overt knowledge, a native speaker may not be able to verbalize the rule. Rather Turkish speakers know intuitively which sequences are possible in Turkish. Knowing a language then means knowing the set of rules of that language. Phonological rules of a language are language specific in that each language may choose to utilize different phonological rules or same rules but with some differences. Turkish utilizes phonological rules that other languages also utilize. In this unit, some of the phonological rules of Turkish are described and discussed. FINAL DEVOICING Turkish speakers know that the following non-sense words are not acceptable Turkish words. (2) (I) sahab (II) alad (III) sorag (IV) akac If told that the above words have meanings, native speakers would argue that these could not be Turkish but that they may be words borrowed from other languages. If asked why these cannot be Turkish words, not everyone could be able to state the reason(s), or name the rule but would know that these are not acceptable in Turkish. The reason why these words cannot be acceptable in Turkish is that Turkish does not allow voiced stops (b,d,g) and affricate (dZ) to occur in word-final position. This is a rule called Final Devoicing Rule which states that voiced sounds become voiceless in word or syllable final position. The words above end either with a voiced stop or affricate, therefore not acceptable Turkish words.
Turkish is not the only language which utilizes final devoicing rule. Some of the languages which utilize final devoicing rule are German, Russian, Polish, and Catalan. The way Turkish uses final devoicing rule is different from those languages in two respects. One, in Turkish only voiced stops and affricate undergo this rule whereas in the other languages mentioned, fricatives as well as stops and affricates devoice in word final position. Two, the rule is reflected in the orthography in Turkish but not in other languages. Consider the following words. (3) orthography phonetic orthography phonetic representation representation kitap [kIt√p] kitab› [kIt√bµ] tat [t√t] tad› [t´dµ] renk [R&ENk] rengi [R&ENgI] a¤aç [√:tS]* a¤ac› [√:dZµ] * Colon (:) is used to indicate a long sound. Here, /√/ is a long vowel because it precedes ‘¤’ In (3) b, d, g, dZ in the second column are spelled with the letters representing p, t, k, tS respectively when they occur in word-final position as seen in the first column. In Turkish grammar books, final devoicing rule is stipulated as voiceless stops and affricate becoming voiced when a suffix beginning with a vowel is attached. When such a rule is applied to, for example, kitap → kitab-›, /p/ becomes /b/ because the accusative suffix –i is attached. However, this rule does not account for words in which voiceless stops do not become voiced when vowel initial suffix is attached as illustrated below. (4) sap sap-› not *sab-› sanat sanat-› not *sanad-› Türk Türk-ü not *Türg-ü saç saç-› not *sac-› * Asterix (*) indicates unacceptable words. When the alternating roots (i.e. kap [k√p] → kab› [k√bµ]) are assumed to have voiced stops or affricate and become voiceless in word-final or syllable-final position, words in (4) are also accounted for as final devoicing rule does not apply to such words. In phonology, as discussed in Unit 1, a distinction between underlying representation (UR) and surface realization (SR) is made to explain such phenomena. Underlying representation means that a word may have a different form than its actual realization (i.e., how the word is said). Surface realization, on the other hand, refers to how it is actually said. The examples in (5) illustrate the underlying representation (UR) and surface realization (SR) of the following words. (5) UR SR kap /k√b/ [k√p] sap /s√p/ [s√p] kanat /k√n√d/ [k√n√t] sanat /s√n√t/ [s√n√t] Unit 4 - Phonological Processes in Turkish 49
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T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YA
Page 3 and 4: Contents Why Study Sounds?.........
Page 5 and 6: Grammatical Categories ............
Page 7 and 8: Kitapla ilgili olarak eminim hepini
Page 9 and 10: Why Study Sounds? INTRODUCTION Lang
Page 11 and 12: [s] /s/ [z] [´z] The differences i
Page 13 and 14: • Speaker-based description • A
Page 15 and 16: Summary It is through the use of la
Page 17 and 18: “ Turkish Alive Examine the follo
Page 19 and 20: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 21 and 22: Turkish Consonants INTRODUCTION Why
Page 23 and 24: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants The dif
Page 25 and 26: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants Places
Page 27 and 28: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants produce
Page 29 and 30: s h l tS R d Unit 2 - Turkish Conso
Page 31 and 32: The necessary condition for /n/ bec
Page 33 and 34: Summary The production of consonant
Page 35 and 36: Turkish Alive Transcribe the conson
Page 38 and 39: 3TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
Page 40 and 41: 34 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 42 and 43: It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
Page 44 and 45: 38 Figure 3.4 English Vowels Turkis
Page 48 and 49: 42 Summary Turkish Phonology and Mo
Page 50 and 51: 44 Turkish Alive Turkish Phonology
Page 52 and 53: 4TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
Page 62 and 63: 56 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
Page 64: 58 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 67 and 68: Morphology: The Wordland INTRODUCTI
Page 69 and 70: When you compare the syllable and m
Page 71 and 72: Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland a
Page 73 and 74: white arrow. This takes us to the n
Page 75 and 76: (6) a. kitap b. kitap-l›k c. kita
Page 77 and 78: The Morpheme Marking Definite Past
Page 79 and 80: Self-test 1. Which one of the follo
Page 81 and 82: Adal›, O. (1979). Türkiye Türk
Page 83 and 84: Evidently, the morpheme /-AlA/ has
Page 85 and 86: Word-Formation Processes INTRODUCTI
Page 87 and 88: derived stem denominal nominal deve
Page 89 and 90: falan), haber maber (haber falan),
Page 91 and 92: It is your turn! Though relatively
Page 93 and 94: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes (
Page 95 and 96: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes B
Page 97 and 98: Summary In this chapter we have loo
Page 99 and 100: Turkish Alive Read the article by C
Page 101 and 102: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 103 and 104: Grammatical Categories INTRODUCTION
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Non-Plural Functions of -lAr Unit 7
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(1) a. Serhat’› kurtard›lar.
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We know that proper nouns and prono
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The Locative Case -DA The locative
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subjective genitive çocu¤un a¤la
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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Do we always talk about facts? Past
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Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories The
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-mIfl has another evidential functi
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TIME LINE X G ü n e fl d o ¤ u d
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It is your turn! veriyor suggest th
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of appropriate adverbials: Sak›n
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Restrictions on Impersonal Passives
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In (33a) there are two participants
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Summary 1. How many different categ
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“ Turkish Alive “(1) Türk yön
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markers. -lAr is the plural morphem
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8TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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136 Turkish Phonology and Morpholog
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142 It is your turn! It is your tur
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1 1 It is your turn! It is your tur
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It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
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158 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
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160 References & Bibliography Turki
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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164 Unit 5 Turkish Phonology and Mo
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174 V Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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176 T Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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