turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
First, the morpheme -lAn 1 , which makes verbs from non-verbs, is attached to
the bu words hasta and yafl. By this process, we produce two verbs: hastalanmak
and yafllanmak, which are in turn, marked for tense and person by the morphemes
-DI and -m respectively.
Let’s consider another word such as babama. In (3) below, you will see its
syllable and morpheme structure.
(3) a. ba -ba -ma
CV CV CV
b. baba -m -a
stem 1st morpheme 2nd morpheme
Note that morphemes are indivisible units and that they typically have either
a meaning o a grammatical function. What does the first syllable in (3a) mean?
What is the second -ba and what is -ma? Do they have any meanings or functions?
Compared with (3a), the content of (3b) is higher in that baba has a meaning, and
-m and -a have grammatical functions which marks possession and direction
respectively. Therefore, baba-, m-, and -a are entitled to be morphemes 2 . Let’s
clarify this with another example. Gözcüler consists of three morphemes:
göz+cü+ler. One minimal or indivisible unit in this word is göz, another is -cü.
Both of them are units of meaning. Göz is a lexical item which is used to refer to
the organ of seeing.The second morpheme -cü is used to form nouns from nouns.
It adds to the stem noun the meaning of ‘somebody who uses the stem NOUN’.
Gözcü does not mean göz any more, but a person who uses his eyes to guard or
watch a place. The third morpheme -ler, on the other hand, is a unit of grammatical
function. It does not have a lexical meaning, but it is used to signal that the stem
noun is plural.
As it is clear from these examples, morphemes might have different meanings,
functions, and morphological standing. Even though morpheme and syllable
boundaries of a word may sometimes overlap, lack of correspondence between
these boundaries is not uncommon. A single morpheme may be composed of
more than one syllable wust as a single syllable may include more than one
morpheme. Moreover, morphemes which do nat even figure a a separate syllable
are also widespread in Turkish.
It is your turn!
Identify the It morpheme is your turn! and syllabus structure of the following. Indicate which one/s
1 has/have identical 1 boundaries.
simitçi evden evlere
It is your turn!
sütçü evlerden
It is your turn!
evlerime
2 2
Free Morphemes vs Bound Morphemes
It is your turn!
In terms of their morphological standing, morphemes in gözcü can be classified
into two groups. It is your Compare turn! (4a) and (4c) below:
3 3
(4) a. Göz boyad›. b.Gözcü oldu c.*Cü oldu.
It is your turn!
Göz It is your kamaflt›rd›. turn! Gözlük ald›. *Lük ald›.
4 4
In (a) examples, göz is used on its own. The fact that it can stand by itself
makes it an independent morpheme. Its projection in a sentence does not require
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
5 5
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
6 6