turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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Concessi<strong>ve</strong> ad<strong>ve</strong>rbial: A phrase or clause containing an<br />
expression that seems surprising or unexpected, as in<br />
the ad<strong>ve</strong>rbial clause in the following sentence: [Ayfle çok<br />
yorgun olmas›na ra¤men] uzun uzun dans etti.<br />
Conjunct: An ad<strong>ve</strong>rbial that is used to link sentences.<br />
Conjunction: A word that is used to join words, phra<strong>ses</strong>, or<br />
clau<strong>ses</strong>: <strong>ve</strong>, ancak, ama.<br />
Conjunctions: Ad<strong>ve</strong>rbial used to connect sentences in a discourse.<br />
Connotation: Apart from its literal meaning, connotation<br />
invol<strong>ve</strong>s some kind of emotional associations of the<br />
word. Denotation <strong>and</strong> connotation are related like the<br />
two sides of the same coin.<br />
Constituent structure: The systematic way in which the<br />
words of a sentence group together into phra<strong>ses</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />
clau<strong>ses</strong>.<br />
Constituent: A word or any natural grouping of words that<br />
beha<strong>ve</strong>s as a syntactic unit with respect to grammatical<br />
rules.<br />
Context: the situation within which a speech act or communicati<strong>ve</strong><br />
act exists or happens, <strong>and</strong> this context can help<br />
explain the meaning in the speech or communicati<strong>ve</strong><br />
act.<br />
Control: When the co<strong>ve</strong>rt subject (PRO) of a -mEk clause is<br />
the same as the subject or the object of the matrix clause,<br />
PRO is said to be controlled by that subject or object.<br />
For example, Ali [PRO sinemaya gitmek] istedi is a subject<br />
control structure; while annesi [PRO bebe¤i yemeye]<br />
zorlad› is an object control structure.<br />
Con<strong>ve</strong>rse antonyms: Con<strong>ve</strong>rse antonyms are terms that are<br />
determined by the opposite relations.<br />
Con<strong>ve</strong>rsion: A process through which a word is used to signal<br />
a grammatical function different from its usual: boya<br />
used as both a noun <strong>and</strong> a <strong>ve</strong>rb.<br />
Co-operati<strong>ve</strong> principle: The assumption that participants in<br />
a con<strong>ve</strong>rsation normally attempt to be informati<strong>ve</strong>, truthful,<br />
relevant, <strong>and</strong> clear.<br />
Copula: A <strong>ve</strong>rb that links the subject to its complement. For<br />
example, to be in English, <strong>and</strong> -ImEk in Turkish, such as<br />
in: Ali ö¤retmen idi.<br />
Co-referential: When two or more NPs refer to the same real<br />
world entity, they are said to be co-referential.<br />
Correctness: A traditional way of describing grammar that<br />
claims that there are correct or incorrect ways of speaking.<br />
Co-text: The linguistic context that includes clues such as<br />
grammar that help explain meaning.<br />
Glossary<br />
167<br />
Co<strong>ve</strong>rt subject: A subject that is not explicitly expressed but<br />
that can be reco<strong>ve</strong>red from the sentence or discourse.<br />
For example, PRO <strong>and</strong> pro.<br />
D<br />
Dati<strong>ve</strong>: A type of case which typically marks “direction<br />
towards” by the suffix -(y)A: e<strong>ve</strong>, arabaya.<br />
Daughter: The branches of a node in a tree diagram.<br />
Definite: A noun or a pronoun whose referent can be identified<br />
by the hearer: kitab› (definite) as opposed to bir<br />
kitap (indefinite).<br />
Deictic expressions: A word (such as this, that, these, those,<br />
now, then) that points to the time, place, or situation in<br />
which the speaker is speaking.<br />
Deictic: A term associated with words or expressions that<br />
take their referents from the context. Deictic words are<br />
related to a time, person(s) <strong>and</strong> place. For example,<br />
buras› <strong>and</strong> oras› refer to a place in relation to the speaker.<br />
Similarly, ben takes its referent in relation to the<br />
speaker, but sen in relation to the hearer. fiimdi refers to<br />
a time whene<strong>ve</strong>r it is uttered: it may refer to 5 pm if it is<br />
uttered at 5pm, but it may <strong>ve</strong>ry well refer to 10 am when<br />
uttered at 10 am.<br />
Deixis: The aspect of pragmatics that co<strong>ve</strong>rs words or expressions<br />
whose reference is based on the circumstances of<br />
the utterance.<br />
Demonstrati<strong>ve</strong>: A word that marks the location of something<br />
in terms of its proximity to the speaker, i.e. near or distant:<br />
bu (near the speaker), flu (distant from the speaker),<br />
o (more distant), etc.<br />
Denominal: A word that is formed from a noun: yurttafl from<br />
yurt, <strong>ses</strong>tefl from <strong>ses</strong>, dilemek from dil, adamak from ad.<br />
Denotation: It is the literal meaning of words provided in a<br />
dictionary.<br />
Denotation: The meaning of a word, phrase or clause that<br />
relates it to the real life entity or e<strong>ve</strong>nt. For example the<br />
denotation of the word ev relates it to a building in which<br />
people li<strong>ve</strong>.<br />
Deontic modality: See Mood.<br />
Derivation: A word formation process through which new<br />
words are formed by adding affixes to words or morphemes:<br />
the word bulmaca is deri<strong>ve</strong>d by adding the suffix<br />
-mAcA to the <strong>ve</strong>rb bul-.<br />
Derivational morpheme: An affix that changes the meaning<br />
<strong>and</strong>/or the category a word: -mAcA in bulmaca, -Uz in<br />
üçüz, -(I)t in geçit, -(A)v in türev, -lA in d›flla.
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