turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Unit 8 - Word Classes
(22a) displays an example of conjunction. In this kind of relation, the meaning
of the sentence is true only if the components of it are true. That is, aya¤a kalkt›
ve soru bombard›man›na bafllad› is true only if s/he actually stood up and s/he
actually started asking questions. (22b) is an example of disjunction. It is true only
one of its components is true. That is, evde yoklar veya duymad›lar is true if either
one of evde yoklar and duymad›lar is true, but false if both are false.
There are two types of disjunction: exclusive and inclusive (Levinson, 1983:
138). If it is exclusive, it forces a choice on the part of the hearer between the
alternatives. In kahve veya çay ikram edebilirim, the speaker does not expect the
hearer to have them both. One choice excludes the other. Therefore, if we want
to block this interpretation we say kahve ve/veya çay ikram edebilirim or kahve
veya çay veya ikisini de ikram edebilirim. In evde yoklar veya duymad›lar, there is
no such exclusive interpretation. Both alternatives are possible, It is so your it turn! is an example
It is your turn!
of inclusive disjunction.
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Coordination of smaller units may have equivalent conjunctive or disjunctive
underlying clauses: For example in O çok [genç] ve [güzel]di two It is your adjective turn! phrases
It is your turn!
are coordinated, but its underlying meaning has a clausal interpretation: 2 [o çok
gençti] ve [o çok güzeldi]. Similarly, Ali’ye veya Ayfle’ye söyledi means Ali’ye söyledi
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veya Ayfle’ye söyledi. But this may not be allowed in all contexts. Compare:
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
(23)
a. Bir ö¤retmen [genç] ve [güzel]di.
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b. [Bir ö¤retmen güzeldi] ve [bir ö¤retmen gençti]. It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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Phrasal coordination in (23a) does not imply the clausal coordination in (23b).
The determiner bir seems to have a separate noun phrase each time it is repeated.
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Therefore, in (23b) it sounds like there are more than one It teacher is your turn! being talked
It is your turn!
about.
Other conjunctions are shown in (24) as bracketed forms.
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It is your turn!
(24)
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a. Geçen y›l alt›n› kazand› [ancak] bu y›l gümüflle yetindi.
b. [Hem] Suat [hem de] Meral kazay› gördüler.
It is your turn!
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c. [Ya] annem [ya da] babam beni karfl›layacak.
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
d. [Ne] geldiler [ne de] gördüler.
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Ancak expresses contrast, so most naturally it has a discriminating It is your turn! function. In
(24a), the contrastive standing of what happened last year and this year is marked
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by the coordinator. Fakat and ama are used in the same way. In some cases, they
may be used concessively: Erken kalkt›m ama/fakat/ancak derse yetiflemedim.
It is your turn!
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The conjunction marks the oddity of the second event despite It is the your first. turn!
It is your turn!
Hem ... hem de and ya ... ya da correlate with ve and veya respectively. 9 They
emphasize a coordinative relation. The difference is that ya ... ya da is exclusive.
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It leaves out one of the two possibilities. So, what (24c) means It is your is turn! that either my
It is your turn!
mom or my dad will come, not both. Similarly, ne ... ne is a correlative coordinator
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as well. But it marks negative correlation. (24d) means they did not come and they
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did not see.
It is your turn!
Double coordination is not a allowed in Turkish: *Ne Ayfle’yi tan›yorlar ama ne
de biliyorlar.
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It is your turn!
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Is Ali’yi gördüm ama ne Ayfle ne de Fatma görmedi an example of It is double your turn! coordination?
It is your turn!
Is it ungrammatical?
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155
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
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