turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)
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1 1<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
2 2<br />
It<br />
144<br />
is your turn!<br />
Turkish Phonology <strong>and</strong> Morphology (Türkçe Ses <strong>ve</strong> Biçim Bilgisi)<br />
It is your turn!<br />
3<br />
Table 8.1<br />
Verb Types<br />
It is your turn!<br />
4<br />
3<br />
activities accomplishments<br />
bare kofl-, yüz-, sürbüyü- deri<strong>ve</strong>d It kofltur-, is your turn! yüzdüriyilefl compound 4 arabakull<strong>and</strong>eneyyapachie<strong>ve</strong>mentsçarpbafllagazabas- It is your turn!<br />
What is the semantic It is your turn! classification of the <strong>ve</strong>rb bay›l- in:<br />
5 a. Çorbaya 5 bay›ld›m.<br />
b. Kad›n bay›ld›.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
10<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Criteria for Verbhood<br />
6 6<br />
Semantic Criteria<br />
It is your turn!<br />
As mentioned earlier, prototypical <strong>ve</strong>rbs are those denoting rapid changes in the<br />
7 uni<strong>ve</strong>rse. 7They<br />
are characteristically e<strong>ve</strong>nts <strong>and</strong> actions.<br />
Morphological It is your Criteria turn!<br />
8 The most 8 salient signal for <strong>ve</strong>rbhood is probably the infiniti<strong>ve</strong> morpheme -mAk<br />
which can be attached to all <strong>ve</strong>rbs: gelmek, uyumak, olmak, bilmek, oturadurmak.<br />
Compare the It is your ungrammaticality turn!<br />
in the following when it is used with a noun<br />
9 *an›mak, 9an<br />
adjecti<strong>ve</strong> *güzelmek, an ad<strong>ve</strong>rb *h›zl›camak, a postposition *içinmek,<br />
a pronoun * benmek, <strong>and</strong> a conjunction *<strong>ve</strong>mek . Inflectional contrasts, too, provide<br />
another distincti<strong>ve</strong> property of <strong>ve</strong>rbs. They manifest themsel<strong>ve</strong>s as tense, aspect,<br />
It is your turn!<br />
mood, voice, agreement, <strong>and</strong> negation markers on <strong>ve</strong>rbs. The ungrammaticality of<br />
10<br />
*k›rm›z›yor, *yumuflak›flt›, *h›zl›cam <strong>and</strong> *fakatmal› shows that morphemes<br />
marking aspect, voice, agreement, <strong>and</strong> mood are disallowed in non-<strong>ve</strong>rbal contexts.<br />
It is your turn!<br />
Only after con<strong>ve</strong>rting these forms into <strong>ve</strong>rbs can the <strong>ve</strong>rbal suffixes be used with<br />
11 them: k›rm›z›lafl›yor, 11 yumuflaklaflt›, h›zl<strong>and</strong>›m, fakatlamamal›.<br />
Prototypical <strong>ve</strong>rbs are tensed <strong>and</strong> all <strong>ve</strong>rbs ha<strong>ve</strong> tensed forms. In terms of their<br />
derivational It is structure, your turn! <strong>ve</strong>rbs from nouns <strong>and</strong> adjecti<strong>ve</strong>s are deri<strong>ve</strong>d with the<br />
12 morphemes 12 such as -Al, (azal-), -dA (›fl›lda-), -lA (avla-), -sA (susa-) as well as<br />
de<strong>ve</strong>rbal <strong>ve</strong>rbal stems with morphemes such as -mA (görüflme), -Ar (kopar-), -n<br />
(difllen), -(y)Ifl (girifl), -t (titret). The <strong>ve</strong>ry producti<strong>ve</strong> suffix -(y) IcI is also attached<br />
It is your turn!<br />
to <strong>ve</strong>rbs to form nouns as in sürücü, azmettirici, ba¤lay›c›, besleyici, betimleyici,<br />
13 13<br />
binici, arabulucu, büyüleyici, c<strong>and</strong><strong>and</strong>›r›c›, ferahtat›c›, cayd›r›c›. So, these<br />
morphemes may be representati<strong>ve</strong> of <strong>ve</strong>rbhood.<br />
Distributional Criteria<br />
Tensed <strong>ve</strong>rbs function as the head of predicates/clau<strong>ses</strong> (see Unit 11 for more).<br />
Therefore, they are the most central/go<strong>ve</strong>rning unit in the predicate so they restrict<br />
other elements in the predicate/clause.<br />
(8)<br />
a. Onu buldu.<br />
*Onu gitti.<br />
*Kardeflim doktor söyledi.<br />
states<br />
bil-, sev-, ol-, um<br />
yaflasevdal›<br />
ol-<br />
The <strong>ve</strong>rb bul- in (8) allows a direct object noun phrase, but -git does not. So, the<br />
test for transitivity is Direct Object Noun ___, <strong>and</strong> the one for intransitivity is ___:
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