turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

Summary
In this chapter we have looked at various ways of
forming new words in Turkish. Derivation is the richest
means of word formation applied. It makes use of
affixes by attaching them to stems to form new words.
Unlike derivation, compounding makes use of two
independent words in forming neologisms. The
meaning of the neologism is transparent from the
meaning of the components sometimes, but rather
opaque at other times yielding endocentric and
exocentric compounds respectively. Imitating the
sounds of nature, onomatopoeia, provides another rich
source of word formation creating words descriptive of
the nature. Conversion allows functional shifts in words
of a language. Borrowing and loan translation occur
when two or more languages come into direct or
indirect contact through business, science and
technology. Words of one language are either borrowed
by or translated into another language. Even though
not as common as other means, coining new words is
another way of expanding the lexicon. A coinage is a
novel word created without using any of the other word
formation methods described in this chapter. It is a
word created from scratch without employing any other
word or parts of a word already existing in language.
Semantic change takes place in time when the meaning
of a word is broadened, narrowed down or even
reversed gradually. As another case of semantic change,
eponymy allows commonalization of proper nouns.
Metaphorical extension of a word is its use in describing
another thing that is related to or compared with its
original referent. Clippings, blendings and acronyms all
serve for the same purpose: shortening words; but they
differ in terms of what parts of the word they leave out.
Clippings are simply words that are shortened randomly
without paying attention to the morphology of their
original forms. Acronyms are formed by the initials of
words or phrases to produce pronounceable separate
words. Blends are words that are formed by combining
parts of two words. Backformation is a process in which
morphologically simple words are derived from more
complex ones. It should be noted that more than one
these word formation processes can be employed in
creating a particular word. That is, multiple processes,
as well, can be applied in word formation.
Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes
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