turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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It is your turn!
It is your turn!
It is your turn!
Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi)
Distributional Criteria
The most prototypical distributional features of nouns in Turkish is their ability to
appear with the determiners, especially the indefinite article bir as in bir adam.
Determiners are the words that restrict the meaning of the noun in different ways.
They include articles, demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers and numerals: bütün,
bu, flu, o, benim, senin, onun, her, her bir, daha, az, iki, üç and so on. All
prototypical nouns can be used with determiners.
Another property of nouns is that they can be modified by adjectives as in iyi adam.
Finally, nouns can combine with both an adjective and a determiner as in iyi bir adam.
Based on what we have said so far, distributional criteria for nounhood include
three tests: positions with a preceding determiner and/or adjective: Determiner
_____, Adjective _____, or Determiner+Adjective _____. If a word can be used in
these slots blank in a sentence, it has more noun features than others that cannot.
Let’s now test which noun types are the most protypical. Consider the behavior
of the noun Atatürkçülük in the following.
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a. *Atatürkçülükler b. *bir Atatürkçülük c. Atatürkçülü¤ü
d. iyi Atatürkçülük
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e. iyi bir Atatürkçülük
1 This abstract 1 noun displays some prototypical features of nounhood. Firstly, its
derivational structure reflects that it is a noun made from a noun by the suffix -lIk.
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Secondly, its It is inflectional your turn! structure shows that it can take the accusative case marker
as in (7c). Most probably it can take the others too: Atatürkçülükte,
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Atatürkçülükten, Atatürkçülü¤e, Atatürkçülü¤ün. (7d) and (7e) show that it can
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be modified as well. But the ungrammaticality of (7a) and (7b) shows its
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nonprototypical features. It cannot be pluralized, nor can it be used with bir
without a
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modifier.
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Which of the It following is your turn! nouns is/are the most typical? Why?
4 masa 4
sayg›s›zl›k
belediyecilik
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Verbs
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We have seen that a language cannot be without nouns. Can it be without verbs?
This question It is is your equally turn! absurd. Think what exactly we do when we say something
6 using language. 6 We talk about things and what happens to them. The former is
expressed by nouns and the latter by verbs. This description is almost like the
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definition of It is a your sentence. turn! There is always a subject in a sentence which is expressed
7 by a noun 7 phrase. The rest of the sentence is about what happens to this subject,
and this information is predicated by verbs in a language. Then, nouns and verbs
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can be defined as the skeleton of a language.
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How are verbs formed in Turkish? In terms of their form, verbs are classified
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into three groups: bare verbs, derived verbs, and compound verbs. Bare verbs are
predominantly mono sylabic with no derivational suffixes attached to them. Some
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examples are aç-, ürk-, üre-, tut-, kork-, uyar. Derived verbs are composed of a
stem, either 9 nominal or verbal, and a derivational morpheme as in art›r-, ço¤alt-,
kirala-, tepele. Compound verbs consist of a noun followed by an auxilary as in
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yard›m et-, It mümkün is your turn! k›l-, yok ol-, naz yap-, ifl buyur-.
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It is your turn!
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