turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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62 Table 5.1 Syllable Structure Turkish Phonology and Morphology (Türkçe Ses ve Biçim Bilgisi) up meaningful words in his language. Second, it can be inferred from his correctly formed sentence that he knows how to use these words in a sentence. For example, he knows that oku- is a verb; therefore, he attaches the verbal morpheme -yor to it, and only in that order. He also knows that it can be used with a preceding modifier such as yanl›fl in the example. So, Gürkan knows not only the sounds that form a word, but also the structure and use of that word. He knows what other forms can be used within a word; what can be used before and after a word as well as what categories they belong to. He follows all these rules, of course, subconsciously to form meaningful words. In more linguistic terms, this is what constitutes a morphological study: an analysis of word structure and of the rules governing derivation, inflection, and word formation (see Units 6 and 7 for more on this). That the native speakers of a language, even as young as Gürkan, can deal with the interplay of many linguistic factors comes as no surprise. It is a widely accepted view that a great body of knowledge for such processes is available to them in their mental storage called the lexicon. A native speaker’s lexicon includes information similar to the type included in a dictionary. It is common knowledge that a dictionary is composed of a list of words accompanied by information about: the form and meaning of words and phrases, the categorization of words, the usage of words and phrases, and relationships between words and phrases. Similarly, when a word is called in the lexicon, or the so called mental dictionary, to be used in communication, it is retrieved based on this kind of information. Such implicit knowledge enables all native speakers to have clear notions about the word stock of their language. THE STRUCTURE OF WORDS Syllable Structure vs Morpheme Structure There are different ways of analyzing word structure. We will be discussing only two of them in this part. One is through analyzing syllable structure. In this kind of analysis, the focus is on the sounds forming a particular word. Consider the segmentation of the words hastaland›m and yaflland›m as shown in Table 5.1. Note that C stands for consonant and V for vowel. 1 st syllable 2 nd syllable 3 rd syllable 4 th syllable word 1 has- -ta -lan -d›m hastaland›m CVC CV CVC CVC word 2 yafl -lan -d›m X yaflland›m CVC CVC CVC X As you can see, the word hastaland›m is composed of five syllables having the CVC-CV-CVC-CVC syllable structure; whereas, yaflland›m has only three syllables having the CVC-CVC-CVC structure. It is true that words consist of sound sequences, but sounds and sound structure are the concern of phonology. The unit of analysis in morphology, however, is the morpheme. So, another way of understanding word structure is through analyzing component morphemes. Now consider the morphological divisions in the above examples given in Table 5.2. disregarding their phonological structure.
When you compare the syllable and morpheme structure of the given words as they are shown in Tables 5.1 and 5.2, you will see that there may not be a one-toone correspondence in the number of sylables and morphemes used and in the boundaries which mark these morphemes and syllables. Examine the tables below to wiew these facts about hastaland›m and yaflland›m. Even though hastaland›m has the same number of morphemes and syllables, namely 4, it is clearly seen that there is lack of correspondence between their boundaries. That is, morphemes and syllables in that word are not compatible except for -lan, in which morpheme and sylable boundaries overlap. In the rest of the word, one morpheme does not correspond to one syllable and vice versa: In our second example yaflland›m, even the number of morphemes and syllables does not match. It has got 4 morphemes, but 3 syllables. Morpheme and syllable boundaries match in the first part, but not in the last part. As the above comparison shows, a morpheme does not necessarily have to claim syllable status, neither does a syllable morpheme status. This indicates that simply coding the syllables of a word is not a reliable way to code the morphemes of that word. So, what is a morpheme? What is the criterion to indentify a morpheme? Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units that construct words in a language. Our examples hastaland›m and yaflland›m are constructed in the following way: (1) hasta (2) yafl hasta-lan yafl-lan hasta-lan-d› yafl-lan-d› hasta-lan-d›-m yafl-lan-d›-m Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland 1 st morpheme 2 nd morpheme 3 rd morpheme 4 th morpheme word 1 hasta -lan -d› -m hastaland›m word 2 yafl -lan -d› -m yaflland›m morheme number of syllable boundaries number of syllables boundaries morphemes hastaland›m [hasta] [lan] [d›] [m] 4 Has # ta # lan # d›m 4 yaflland›m [yafl] [lan] [d›] [m] 4 Yafl # lan # d›m 3 morphemes syllables hasta 1 2: has and ta lan 1 1 d›m 2: -d› and -m 1 morphemes syllables yafl 1 1 lan 1 1 d›m 2: -d› and -m 1 63 Table 5.2 Morpheme Structure Table 5.3 Morpheme and Syllable Boundaries Table 5.4 Compatibility between Morphemes and Syllables: hastaland›m Table 5.5 Compatibility between Morphemes and Syllables: yaflland›m
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T.C. ANADOLU ÜN‹VERS‹TES‹ YA
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Contents Why Study Sounds?.........
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Grammatical Categories ............
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Kitapla ilgili olarak eminim hepini
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Why Study Sounds? INTRODUCTION Lang
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[s] /s/ [z] [´z] The differences i
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• Speaker-based description • A
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Summary It is through the use of la
Page 17 and 18: “ Turkish Alive Examine the follo
Page 19 and 20: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 21 and 22: Turkish Consonants INTRODUCTION Why
Page 23 and 24: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants The dif
Page 25 and 26: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants Places
Page 27 and 28: Unit 2 - Turkish Consonants produce
Page 29 and 30: s h l tS R d Unit 2 - Turkish Conso
Page 31 and 32: The necessary condition for /n/ bec
Page 33 and 34: Summary The production of consonant
Page 35 and 36: Turkish Alive Transcribe the conson
Page 38 and 39: 3TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
Page 40 and 41: 34 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 42 and 43: It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
Page 44 and 45: 38 Figure 3.4 English Vowels Turkis
Page 48 and 49: 42 Summary Turkish Phonology and Mo
Page 50 and 51: 44 Turkish Alive Turkish Phonology
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Page 62 and 63: 56 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
Page 64: 58 Turkish Phonology and Morphology
Page 67: Morphology: The Wordland INTRODUCTI
Page 71 and 72: Unit 5 - Morphology: The Wordland a
Page 73 and 74: white arrow. This takes us to the n
Page 75 and 76: (6) a. kitap b. kitap-l›k c. kita
Page 77 and 78: The Morpheme Marking Definite Past
Page 79 and 80: Self-test 1. Which one of the follo
Page 81 and 82: Adal›, O. (1979). Türkiye Türk
Page 83 and 84: Evidently, the morpheme /-AlA/ has
Page 85 and 86: Word-Formation Processes INTRODUCTI
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Page 89 and 90: falan), haber maber (haber falan),
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Page 93 and 94: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes (
Page 95 and 96: Unit 6 - Word-Formation Processes B
Page 97 and 98: Summary In this chapter we have loo
Page 99 and 100: Turkish Alive Read the article by C
Page 101 and 102: Key to “It is your turn!” It is
Page 103 and 104: Grammatical Categories INTRODUCTION
Page 105 and 106: Non-Plural Functions of -lAr Unit 7
Page 107 and 108: (1) a. Serhat’› kurtard›lar.
Page 109 and 110: We know that proper nouns and prono
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Page 113 and 114: subjective genitive çocu¤un a¤la
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Page 117 and 118: Do we always talk about facts? Past
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Unit 7 - Grammatical Categories The
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-mIfl has another evidential functi
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TIME LINE X G ü n e fl d o ¤ u d
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It is your turn! veriyor suggest th
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of appropriate adverbials: Sak›n
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Restrictions on Impersonal Passives
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In (33a) there are two participants
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Summary 1. How many different categ
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“ Turkish Alive “(1) Türk yön
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markers. -lAr is the plural morphem
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8TURKISH PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY (
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136 Turkish Phonology and Morpholog
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142 It is your turn! It is your tur
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1 1 It is your turn! It is your tur
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It is your turn! It is your turn! 1
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158 Self-test Turkish Phonology and
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160 References & Bibliography Turki
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It is your turn! It is your turn! I
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164 Unit 5 Turkish Phonology and Mo
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174 V Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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176 T Turkish Phonology and Morphol
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turkish phonology and morphology (türkçe ses ve b‹ç‹mb‹lg‹s‹)

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