National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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tH e pl a C e o f do u H e t: a reassessment 117<br />
the mid/late 20s and early/mid 30s - a preoccupation which began with the restoration<br />
of amicable relations with France and with the rebirth of the Italian Air<strong>for</strong>ce<br />
after the rise to power of Mussolini (and which ended with the coming of Hitler and<br />
the rebirth of the German Air<strong>for</strong>ce). The fact that the Italian Air<strong>for</strong>ce had become<br />
by the late 20s one of the largest, most modern, best equipped, and most powerful<br />
air<strong>for</strong>ces in the world made such interest entirely natural.<br />
In his biography of Balbo, Claudio Segré rightly reminded us of the high regard<br />
in which Italian aviation was held throughout the world in the period from the mid<br />
20s to the mid 30s - due to the personal magnetism of the dashing Balbo; the audacity<br />
of his long-distance mass <strong>for</strong>mation flights; the record-breaking successes<br />
of Italian pilots and aeroplanes (not least the Italian victories in the Schneider Trophy<br />
contests); and the great technical achievements of Italy’s aircraft designers and<br />
manufacturers - most notably Caproni heavy bombers, Savoia-Marchetti flying boats<br />
and Macchi racers.(At the time of his early death, Segre was working on a full-scale<br />
biography of Douhet, which we still lack. I had shared my preliminary findings with<br />
him and he was intending to follow up my research).<br />
One should also not <strong>for</strong>get the considerable contemporary interest in, and respect<br />
<strong>for</strong>, Fascism on the part of many soldiers and politicians outside Italy.<br />
It is perfectly fair to ask exactly why should the RAF be not only interested in<br />
but also influenced by Italian aviation in these years? And why Italian rather than<br />
French or US aviation? Hoare provides much of the answer - the “Regia Aeronautica”<br />
was throughout this period the only other independent air<strong>for</strong>ce in the world, the<br />
only other air<strong>for</strong>ce that was not just in both thought and practice an auxiliary of the<br />
army and navy; and Italy was one of the very few countries where really dramatic<br />
advances were being made in the field of aviation - technically, administratively and<br />
doctrinally. One should remember that serious debates about strategic airpower did<br />
not occur in France or in the US till the early 30s - and in both cases, Douhet’s ideas<br />
figured prominently.<br />
Besides the role of the <strong>British</strong> Air Attaches in Rome, there is of course to be considered<br />
the role of the Italian Air Attaches in London. There is no reason to believe<br />
that the latter would have been in any way shy about aeronautical developments in<br />
the “new” Italy, or about Douhet, Italy’s honoured son - on the contrary. Especially,<br />
as in 1926-7 the Italian Air Attaché in London was General Alessandro Guidoni.<br />
Guidoni, a world renowned aerial torpedo expert, spoke fluent English and had been<br />
friendly with <strong>British</strong> and US airmen ever since he had been the Italian technical<br />
delegate to the Inter-Allied Aviation Committee during the war. His advice had been<br />
sought by the US aviation mission under Crowell which visited Europe in 1919. He<br />
had been awarded the OBE by Britain <strong>for</strong> his war services, was greatly admired by<br />
Trenchard, and was elected an Hon. Fellow of the RAeS in 1927. A friend of both<br />
Caproni and Douhet, he had also befriended Mitchell and Charlton when he had<br />
served as Italian Air Attaché in Washington during the early 20s; he advised Mitchell<br />
on technical matters at the time of his famous bombing tests on warships.