National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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do u H e t o r n o t do u H e t. sw e d i sH air po w e r do C t r i n e in t H e 1930´s a n d 1940´s 295<br />
It´s interesting that the douhetism was more widespread among the politicians<br />
in the parliament than among the Air Force officers themselves. The Air Force had<br />
argued <strong>for</strong> another fighter wing and one reconnaissance wing. But these demands<br />
were rejected by the politicians <strong>for</strong> financial reasons. What we can call the “bomber<br />
lobby” was strong eithin the parliament. If the demands of the Air Forces had been<br />
followed, the proportions between bombers and fighters would have been 2:1, i.e.<br />
exactly the same proportions as in the <strong>British</strong> RAF, the <strong>for</strong>eign <strong>for</strong>ce that had given<br />
the largest impulses to Sweden. 9<br />
This resulted in a bomber <strong>for</strong>ce proportionally – but of course not in quantity<br />
– larger than in most European countries, but this is not the same as to say that the<br />
Swedish Air Force rejected the use of fighters, quite the opposite. The leading men in<br />
the Force were of course very much aaware of the fact that the proportions between<br />
bombers and fighters were – as I all fields of military activities – depending upon the<br />
race between offensive and defensive weapons. One can also note that the CIC in<br />
person, from his very first year in office showed a large interest in both Swedish and<br />
<strong>for</strong>eign fighterplane constructions.<br />
In the spring of 1939, with only some moths left to the outbreak of the war, the<br />
Swedish Air Force counted two bomber wings (F1 and F 4), two reconnaissance<br />
wings (F 2 and F 3) and one fighter wing (F 8 close to Stockholm). The two other<br />
bomber wings decided by the Parliament in 1936 were established on July 1, 1939 (F<br />
6) and in 1940 (F 7). In total the Air Force could muster some 195 planes in September<br />
1939, but <strong>for</strong> different reasons (especially lack of spare parts and modern propellers)<br />
only 134 of these were operational. There<strong>for</strong>e Torsten Friis when the war broke<br />
out could only send 47 bombers and 33 fighters in the air. However these figures are<br />
disputed among scholars, and they should be regarded as minimum figures.<br />
The first year of the war underlined the importance of having a strong Air Force<br />
to protect the mobilization as well as cities, industries and communications. During<br />
the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union, Sweden in January 1940 sent<br />
a wing (F 19) with four bombers and twelve fighters to support Finland. The creation<br />
of this volunteer unit ment that one third of Torsten Friis operational fighters were<br />
sent to Finland. This was the only time, together with the UN-operations in Congo<br />
1960-64, that the Swedish Air Force had been taken part in war operations. 10<br />
The experiences from the winter war were important, but they also showed how<br />
vulnerable the relatively small Swedish Air Force was. The parliament in 1940 decided<br />
to create two more fighter wings and one reconnaissance wings. The first,<br />
9 For the debate about how to count these proportions see Norberg 1971 pp. 225 note 30 and Klaus-<br />
Richard Böhme, “Review of Norberg” 1971, in “Historisk Tidskrift” (Historical Review) 1972:2 p.<br />
302.<br />
10 For F 19 see Göran Andolf, Svenska frivilligkåren (In English: The Swedish Volunteer Corps), in<br />
Svenska frivilliga i Finland 1939-1944 (In English: Swedish Volunteers in Finland, 1939-1944),<br />
Stockholm 1989 pp. 39-190, especially pp. 176-187.