National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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e t w e e n “do u h e t I s m” A n d “cl o s e AIr su p p o rt”. th e ge r m A n AIr wA r do c t r I n e In wo r l d wA r II 93<br />
port to friendly ground and naval <strong>for</strong>ces. This is the reason why the air <strong>for</strong>ce continued<br />
to be assigned to the US Army, and the US Air Force as an independent Service<br />
was not established until after the end of World War II, on 18 September 1947.<br />
In addition to the unwillingness of Army, Navy and Marine Corps to wage a strategic<br />
air war, there also was the moral abhorrence of major parts of the US population<br />
towards breaking the will of resistance of the enemy population by bombing them.<br />
Hence, it is true that the operational principles developed at the US Army Air Corps<br />
Tactical School since 1938 – a sort of official American air war doctrine – provided <strong>for</strong><br />
the destruction of vital facilities of the adversary. Precision attacks – this meant bomb<br />
releases on specially selected and limited trade and industry targets – were to hit the<br />
adversary’s warfaring capabilities. Shattering the morale of the population by conducting<br />
bombing raids against the civilian population, however, was not envisaged.<br />
II.<br />
While the victorious powers of World War I had been thinking about the future<br />
role of the air <strong>for</strong>ce and the significance of the air war, already during the war or<br />
immediately after the end of the war, such thoughts necessarily had to be omitted in<br />
the German Reich <strong>for</strong> the time being. 19 Being bound by the clauses of the Treaty of<br />
Versailles, Germany was not allowed to establish a “Major General Staff”, set up and<br />
support air <strong>for</strong>ces and associated facilities and installations. And the Reichswehr was<br />
restricted to the number of 100,000 soldiers. According to the concept of the German<br />
military leadership of the post-war period, the Reichswehr was a sort of cadre army<br />
designed to enable a fast augmentation and rearmament of the German armed <strong>for</strong>ces<br />
upon discontinuation of the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles.<br />
The restrictions on no account prevented the German Reich from deliberately and,<br />
of course, secretly disregarding the clauses of the Treaty early on, although extent<br />
and efficiency of those measures remained relatively moderate. 20 Such illegal activities<br />
included the training of pilots within the scope of aerial sports or in the civil sector<br />
at Lufthansa, and the disguise of smaller flying units as “advertising squadrons”<br />
<strong>for</strong> advertising flights. Already since 1924 there had been a German flight center at<br />
Lipezk as part of the cooperation with Russia in the field of military policy. Here,<br />
military aircraft were tested and fighter pilots and observers were trained. 21<br />
As to the development of its own air war doctrine, the Reichswehr was first left<br />
19<br />
Cf. James S. Corum, »The Development of German Air Doctrine between the Wars«, in: War in<br />
<strong>History</strong>, 3 (1996), p. 85-101.<br />
20<br />
Cf. Wilhelm Deist, Die Aufrüstung der Wehrmacht, in: Wilhelm Deist/Manfred Messerschmidt/<br />
Hans-Erich Volkmann/Wolfram Wette, Ursachen und Voraussetzungen der deutschen Kriegspolitik.<br />
Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.) (Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Vol. 1)<br />
Stuttgart 1977, p. 402 and p. 473-496.<br />
21<br />
Cf. Wolfram Falck, Falkenjahre. Erinnerungen 1910-2003. Kurt Braatz (ed.). Moosburg 2003, p.<br />
27-41.