National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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242 ai r p o w e r in 20 t H Ce n t u ry do C t r i n e s a n d em p l o y m e n t - nat i o n a l ex p e r i e n C e s<br />
sions, using the C-47, DO-27, and Fiat G91 equipped differently, which allowed<br />
various updated mosaics of the area of operations, according to operational needs<br />
and at a very short notice. The exploitation of in<strong>for</strong>mation reports from Commander<br />
in Chief Headquarters upon this mosaic facilitated identification of suspect places<br />
then confirmed by visual reconnaissance. This process allowed the elaboration of a<br />
credible set of target folders and an up to date order of battle. The visual reconnaissance<br />
was, whenever possible, done systematically, following a plan, without direct<br />
association to the launching of specific operations, or it was executed in accordance<br />
with operational specific demands to confirm intelligence notices.<br />
Beyond the reconnaissance and independent attack, the air means were used in<br />
direct support to ground <strong>for</strong>ces, and in support <strong>for</strong> populations by means of transport<br />
and medical evacuation. For example the concentration of pilgrims to Mecca was<br />
made in BA12, every year, <strong>for</strong> transport from the various places of the province by<br />
military aircraft, from which they left on commercial flights.<br />
The guerrillas, who were well armed and disciplined, and had a high operational<br />
capacity <strong>for</strong> their mission, often acted in a much concealed way through ambushes,<br />
attacks on barracks, usually at a distance with artillery, and attacks against military<br />
<strong>for</strong>ces nearby and against populations that did not follow them. The most important<br />
of the guerrilla bases were located outside, near the border, constituting themselves<br />
as sanctuaries. On rare occasions the enemy acted almost in conventional <strong>for</strong>m; in<br />
these circumstances they were very exposed to the air action, particularly in areas<br />
with lower <strong>for</strong>est cover.<br />
In every theatre of operations air dominance was absolute, in the way that the<br />
guerrillas did not have air assets. However, since the beginning the guerrillas sought<br />
to counter the aerial action through anti-aircraft artillery.<br />
In Guinea, there were several stages in the mode of anti-aircraft action. At first it<br />
was done by shooting indiscriminately against all the military airplanes (there was<br />
one case or another against civil aircraft), with individual weapons. Next came the<br />
7.62 m/m weapons placed on a tripod. After came the guns with 12.7 m/m. The first<br />
were only effective in short distances, when the aircraft was spotted and flew at low<br />
altitude. The latter produced greater effects but were easily visible from the air, as<br />
it usually was located in clearings and firing was visible from the air with relative<br />
ease. Following this initial period when it seemed that all weapons were still pointed<br />
at aircraft, an absence of any anti-aircraft activity was noted in the whole theatre<br />
which could have been a result of general directives to avoid the detection of presence<br />
of the guerrillas on the ground. After that, the guerrillas adopted more powerful<br />
weapons, the ZPU-4 Soviet 14.5 m/m, placed in appropriate gun emplacements in<br />
areas where they intended to demonstrate its impregnability – including air space<br />
impregnability – it is unlikely that such demonstration would have produced the<br />
desired results in spite of enemy propaganda saying the opposite, since such deployment<br />
remained vulnerable, because it was easily spotted and could be subject to air<br />
attack. Along this period various aircraft were hit, including its crews but none a fatal