National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
National Experiences - British Commission for Military History
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do C t r i n e, Ca pa C i t i e s, te C H n o l o g y a n d o p e r at i o n a l en v i r o n m e n t o n t H e em p l o y m e n t o f t H e air po w e r ; t H e Ca s e o f guerrilla wa r fa r e 231<br />
the safety of those territories was expected to occur.<br />
Aware of this hypothetical situation, the Undersecretary of State <strong>for</strong> Aeronautical<br />
Affairs published a Directive in 1957 <strong>for</strong> the launching of the necessary facilities<br />
to support air operations in Portugal’s overseas territories, in anticipation of local<br />
operation and of air deployment to the three operational theatres.<br />
In 1958 an inspection visit to assess the situation is made by a team headed by the<br />
Air Force Chief of Staff, and in the following year the Himba operational Exercise<br />
took place.<br />
The Himba exercise consisted of a military air transport operation to check routes<br />
and infrastructure, potential stopovers <strong>for</strong> transit and operation, and a demonstration<br />
of sovereignty, of the presence of a military <strong>for</strong>ce in Portu guese Africa; 14 planes<br />
were involved, namely 6 Skymaster, 2 C-47 Dakota, and 6 PV-2 Harpoon that flew<br />
to Angola from the Continental ba ses, using Portuguese scale airfields, along the<br />
oceanic route. In Angola, they flew over Carmona, Santo Antonio do Zaire, Cabinda,<br />
Malange, Henrique de Carvalho and Lobito; a big air show was held in Luanda with<br />
aircrafts and ground troops parading, the launching of paratroopers and real air fire<br />
display, be<strong>for</strong>e an enthusiastic crowd, proud of its Air Force. Other parades were<br />
held in Sá da Bandeira and Nova Lisboa. This action was of fundamental importance<br />
from the psychological standpoint with the population, in addition to the operational<br />
test that it consisted of.<br />
The Air Force built fifteen major runways in Angola, nine in Mozambique, five<br />
in Guinea, plus major extensions and improvements to the existing ones in that date<br />
which were too few.<br />
Towards the end of 1956 a decree had been published that created the Portuguese<br />
Air Regions, one covering the mainland, the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde<br />
and Guinea, another that included Angola and S. Tome and Principe and the other<br />
based in Mozambique, which included, apart from this territory, the Portuguese territories<br />
in India, Macau and Timor. In each of these regions Air Bases would be<br />
<strong>for</strong>med and other classes of aerodromes to ensure full coverage of the Portuguese<br />
Overseas Territory in terms of airspace jurisdiction. It took relatively some time <strong>for</strong><br />
the organization of these new commands and to deploy the necessary means to these<br />
remote regions. However, the legal and physical conditions were created <strong>for</strong> a quick<br />
implementation in face of developments in the political internati onal and local environments,<br />
when more appropriated.<br />
The onset of war in Angola<br />
In January of 1961 a popular movement of resistance and challenge against the<br />
legitimate authority begins in Angola, in much localized areas in the North. First, in a<br />
small village named Mailundo, then in other towns or vil lages, whose people worked<br />
almost exclusively in the cultivation of cotton, at the service of a large company.<br />
Those people refused to work and to obey the orders of administrative authorities.